心理-Module 12 Personality.doc
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1、Module 12 Personality12.1 Contemporary approaches to personality “Personality” a characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time an situations Personality measurements1. “idiographic approach” focusing on creat
2、e detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics - Figure myself out- It is helpful for understanding your social worlds, and can be applied to the full range of human experience 2. “nomothetic approach” examine personality in large group of people, with the aim of ma
3、king generalization of about personality structure - To understand the factors that predict certain behaviours across people in general - The KEY is to identify the important personality traits that are related to whatever it is that you are interested in understanding The trait perspective “Persona
4、lity trait” describes a persons habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving - How that person is most of the time) - The first systematic attempt to identify all possible traits was made in the 1930s by Allport “the Barnum effect” people are easy to be convinced that a personality profile d
5、escribe them well, while the profile is generally false and not describe them at all- This is the reason why personality tests of questionable validity are so widely believed, as well as horoscopes, astrologers, and psychics - 实验: 每个人都拿到一模一样的描述,而他们都觉得说的就是他们自己 “factor analysis” is used to group items
6、 that people respond to similarity - 比如friendly, warm, and kind can be group together The Five Factor Model (Big Five)It is a trait-based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimension 1. “Openness” 开放型a. 高分表现:Dreamers, creative, open to new t
7、hings, new ways of seeing things, open to new experience, curious, considered unconventional, think more abstractly, more sensitive to emotions b. 低分表现:Defenders, conventional, avoid unknown and find security from the known, prefer tangible, being practical, straightforward, dislike complexity, resi
8、stant to change 2. “Conscientiousness” 责任型a. 高分表现:Organizers, efficient, self-disciplined, dependable, comfortable with schedules and lists, great employees and students, live longer due to positive health behavioursb. 低分表现:Easy-going ones, fun to hang out with, poor collaborators, disorganized, car
9、eless with details, difficult to meet deadline, be-in-the-moment, not that stress about details 3. “Extraversion” 外向型a. 高分表现:Socializers, sensation seekers, love stimulating environments, love company, outgoing and energetic, assertive, talkative, enthusiastic, prefer high level of stimulation and e
10、xcitement, take things too far, have higher risk of dangerous b. 低分表现:Quiet, solitary, recharging their batteries, overwhelmed by high levels of stimulation, more caution and reserved, someone who can really to talk to 4. “Agreeableness” 服从型a. 高分表现:Warm and friendly, easy to be friend with, compassi
11、onate, empathetic, helpful and altruistic, willing to put their on interest aside in order to please others or avoid conflicts, hard to choose, great team members, poor leadership skills b. 低分表现:Uncooperative, unkind, out themselves first, being authentic more than pandering to other peoples needs,
12、engage in conflict if necessary, skeptical of others motives, less trusting of human nature, self-interested5. “Neuroticism” 神经质型a. 高分表现:Neurotics, difficult to deal with, emotional volatility, have negative emotions, sensitive, strong reaction to stressful situations, magnify small frustration into
13、 major problems, and persist, most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disordersb. 低分表现:Mentally healthy, secure and confident, highly resilient to stress, excellent at managing emotions, regard as stablePersonality of evil “Authoritarian personality” 独裁/权利主义- Theorized to be rigid and dogmatic in
14、their thinking, separate social world into US and THEM, believe strongly in the superiority in US and the inferiority in THEM- Likely to endorse prejudice and violence towards THEM- 于二战后提出There are 3 lines of research that discover personality beyond the big five1. “HEXACO model of personality” a si
15、x factor theory, 在big five基础上新增加了一个additional factor, 就是 “honesty-humility” 诚信/人性a. 高分表现:Sincere, honest, faithful, modest, perform altruistic and prosocial behavioursb. 低分表现:Deceitful, greedy, pompous, selfish, antisocial, violent tendency, materialistic, manipulate others, break the rules, unfaith
16、ful to relationship, strong sense of self-importance2. “The Dark Triad” 黑暗面 包含三个traitsI. “Machiavellianism” 权术主义(To use people and to be manipulative and deceitful, lack respect, focus predominantly in their self-interest)Become aggressive when it serves their goals II. “Psychopathy” 精神病(Having shal
17、low emotional response, feel little empathy, harming others with little remorse for their actions)Become aggressive when they feel physically threatened III. “Narcissism” 自恋(Egotistical preoccupation with self-image and excessive focus on self-importance, like full of himself)Become aggressive when
18、they feel self-esteem is threatened3. “Right-wing Authoritarianism” 右翼独裁主义- As a highly problematic set of personality characteristics that involve three key tendenciesa. Obeying orders and deferring to the established authorities in a society绝对服从已建立政府的法规b. Supporting aggression against those who di
19、ssent or differ from the established social order 支持对于不同于建立的法规的思想或行动的暴力制裁c. Believing strongly in maintaining the existing social order 强烈地维持已建立的一切任何规定- CENTER: thinking in dogmatic terms 非黑即白,没有过度地带- Thinking with complete certainty- Process info in highly biased ways, ignoring or rejecting evidenc
20、e that contradict their views- Unquestioning acceptance of authority figures- Helping to maintain repressive dictatorships in Hitlers time- “Global change game实验” 一群RWA高的人一下子就ruin the world Personality traits over the lifespan Our personality start even before we are born- Infant possess different t
21、emperament right from birth, suggesting that the seeds of our personalities are present right from birth - Infant temperament predict the adult personality of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness 三岁看到老实验: longitudinal study测试三岁小孩的不同脾性是否能预测长大的性格 Neurons that fire together wire together -
22、Personality conditions how you feel, perceive, interpret, and behave, this set I motion processes that feed back to reinforce the original personality trait, like a positive feedback system Young adults tend to experience fewer negative emotions than do adolescence, reflecting decrease in neuroticis
23、m. Also conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion all increase in early adulthood There is considerable stability in our personality- Over time, our environments changes as well as the roles we play in those environments- Although individuals may change over time, their personal characteris
24、tics relative to other people remain remarkably stablePersonality traits and state Peoples behaviour is also determined by situational factors and context “State” is a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influence behaviours 四种情况1. Location 2. Associations 独自一人或者与别人在一起3. Activities 4
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