2022年电大语言与应用语言 .pdf
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1、语言与应用语言学复习指导一、课程说明“语言与应用语言学”是本科开放教育英语专业的限选课程之一。本课程的目的是使学生了解语言这一抽象的符号系统的形成和发展,以及它在人类生活的各个方面所产生的重要影响。着重要求学生了解语言的重要功能以及它与民族、地区,政治等社会各方面的关系。课程的重点是提高学生对语言一般规律的认识,并有助于他们对所学语言有更深刻的理解。本课程采用的教材文字教材:由顾曰国教授主编,外语教学与研究出版社出版的语言与语言学:实用手册 (试用版);辅助教材: 语言与语言学:实用手册中涉及的听力练习磁带两盒,由北京外语音像出版社出版。二、考试说明本课程考核包括两部分:形成性考核和课程终结考
2、试。课程总成绩采用百分制,形成性考核占 20% ,课程终结考试占80,终结考试为闭卷考试,考生不得拾携带任何教材、参考资料、 电子读物或工具书等。本课程终结考试的命题依据是中央广播电视大学本科开放教育英语专业教学计划、课程教学大纲以及“高级英语自学系列教程”中的语言与语言学:实用手册教材。课程终结考试试题结构及分值比例考试内容题型得分比例考试时间1、对课程总体内容的了解真空、选择填空、辨认错误并改正、定义配对、多项选择等(每次考试选其中三种题型)30% (15 小题)120分钟2、对语言和语言学基本原理的理解简答问题30% (10 小题)3、对语言和语言学专门知识的理解和分析完成命题、图表填空
3、、回答问题等20% (5 小题)4、运用理论知识分析语言现象和问题分析问题20% (2 小题)三、复习要点教材共分 10 个教学单元, 每个单元的标题如下:第一单元: 认识我们的语言Awareness of our language;第二单元:语言的物理属性Physical aspects of language;第三单元:语言的符号性本质The symbolic nature of language ;第四单元:语言功能1:构筑我们对物质世界的感官认识Language function: Organizing our experiences of the material world;第五单
4、元:语言功能 2:以言行事Language function: doing things with language ;第六单元: 语言功能3:协调处理人际关系Language function: managing interpersonal relations ;第七单元:语言功能4: 说说谈谈Language function: talk, talk and talk ; 第八单元:语言与社会Language in society;第九单元: 语言、大脑、思维Language, brain and mind;第十单元: 复习与课程评估General review and course as
5、sessment. 下面简要地描述了各个单元的核心内容。同学们在学习时可以参考。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - Unit 1 Awareness of Our Language In English, when we use the word language without an indefinite or definite article, like “Language is a tool of commu
6、nication ”, it means any language or all languages put together . Here is the first important point about this book: It is about language, not confined to any particular language. When English and Chinese are being talked about, they are used as two specific examples of language. So the title of Uni
7、t 1 reads: Awareness of Our Languag . In this context it means any language we as humans speak: It can be Chinese, or English, or French, or German, or Japanese, or Russian, or many others, of course. To summarize Unit 1 in one sentence, this sentence will be: we must appreciate the fact that we owe
8、 our humanity and civilization to language . Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them is our possession of language. In this unit we also attempt to seek an answer to the question: Is language inside or outside the brain? It is known as the nature-n
9、urture controversy. The position we adopt is: humans are born with language capacity that enables them to acquire language, any language, during their formative years. They can also learn any foreign language through efforts in their adulthood. Unit 2 Physical aspects of language. The key points of
10、this unit are: what we hear, and what we read about are physical aspects of language: they are physical representations of language. Language can also be represented in many other ways such as Braille and British manual alphabet. Speech sounds are given a detailed discussion, considering the fact th
11、at most of our learners are either in-service teachers or would-be teachers. Unit 3 The symbolic nature of language This is the most difficult unit, and at the same time a very important one. From Unit 1 we know that other animals including our closest cousins - chimpanzees and apes, cannot learn a
12、human language. What makes human language so unique is its symbolic nature. Language in its symbolic nature cannot be heard, or read, or seen or touched. We have to find ways (i.e. media) to make it tangible to us. So as a linguist, our job is to see the true nature of language through its media. To
13、 help you understand this point, you can think of a situation like this: different media such as sounds, writing systems, Braille, signs, etc. are like different colourful skins that wrap language up. Unit 3 is to peel the colourful skins off to reveal the true nature. The best way to summarize this
14、 unit is the graphic picture on page 97, about the relationship between the abstract form / abstract existence and material existence. Unit 4 Language function 1: organizing our experiences of the material world Up to now, we can see language as an abstract entity with tangible skins. From Unit 4 on
15、wards, the focus of our attention is on what sort of things we do in using language. Technically we call such understanding of language as functional analysis. There are four major functions which are discussed in four units. Unit 4 is on the function of organizing our experiences of the material wo
16、rld. We experience an object through our senses. This experience is vague, slippery and temporary. We use language to make it clear, frozen and stored for future use. The figure on page 150 shows how different people experience the same thing differently. Unit 5 Language function 2: doing things wit
17、h language This unit introduces the notion of speech acts. We do speech acts all the time everyday: we make a request, ask a question, invite someone to dinner, apologize for being late, etc., etc. Unit 6 Language function 3: managing interpersonal relationsThere are all sorts of people and all sort
18、s of relations in the social world. For example, there are teacher-student relation, shop-keeper-customer relation, employer-employee relation, husband-wife relation, etc. Some people are more powerful than others; some are older or more senior than others. All these differences in status, power, ge
19、nder, and age are carefully handled through the use of language. Unit 7 Language function 4: Talk, talk and talk Most of our waking life is spent on talking, and a great deal of real business is done through talking. The examination of how talk is being carried out is a recent event in the history o
20、f linguistics. It is known as conversation analysis or discourse analysis . Unit 8 Language in society Up to now we have discussed four major functions of language: We use language to (1) organize our experiences of the material world; (2) perform speech acts; (3) manage interpersonal relations; and
21、 (4) talk. This unit looks at language from a much broader perspective, namely language in a 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - social and political context. Specifically we focus on language and identity, bilingualism, and la
22、nguage and politics. Unit 9 Language, brain and mind In Unit 1 we suggested that apes and chimpanzees could not learn human language because their brain is different from human brain. It is human brain that makes it possible for humans to develop language. In this unit we are going to take a closer
23、look at the relationship between the brain/mind and language. At this point you may want to know the difference between the brain and mind. The word brainhere refers to the physiological substance inside the skull. The word mind, on the other hand, refers to psychological activities we do by using t
24、he brain, activities such as thinking, perceiving, memorizing, imagining, getting emotional, and so on. The major issue of this unit is concerning language acquisition. For a child to acquire its mother tongue, it needs three things: (1) language exposure environment, (2) cognitive capacity, and (3)
25、 innateness. Unit 10 General review and Course assessment As the title suggests, this unit tries to give you a general review of the previous nine units; it also gives you some idea of how to prepare for the course assessment. 四、综合练习Section 1 Checking content awareness of the course:I. Complete the
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