常见谬误(6页).doc
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1、-雅思写作:了解基本逻辑,避免常见错误2010-05-29 10:37:37 Tag: 学英语 英语学习资料 资料下载 我要评论()雅思写作:了解基本逻辑,避免常见错误 (一)了解基本逻辑,避免常见错误 要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者Max Shulman),这里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。 1.草率前提 (Dicto Simpliciter) (一)了解基本逻辑,避免常见错误 要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者Max Shulman),这里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。 1.草率前提 (
2、Dicto Simpliciter) 例如:Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women cant pull their weight in government work. 点评:虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作,但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。 2.过度概化 (Hasty Generalization) 例如:McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thu
3、s we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods. 点评:两个个例不足以推出一个真理。 3.因果颠倒 (Post Hoc) 例如:Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency. 点评:甲事情发生在乙事情之前,这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。 4.矛盾前提
4、(Contradictory Premises) 例如:If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he cant carry? 点评:前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方,结论当然是错误的。 5.感性论证 (Ad Misericordiam) 例如:Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them? 点评:抒情是不能当作论证的。 6.错误类比 (False Ana
5、logy) 例如:Young children are like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative. 点评:孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。 7.虚假假设 (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact) 例如:If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful ente
6、rtainment brought by TV. 点评:因为电视已经被发明了,对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。 8.无关转移 (Red Herring) 例如:Many people say we need to exploit the outer space, a point which I believe is wrong, because there are so many poor people on Earth who hardly make ends meet. 点评:有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。 9.从众错误 (Bandwagon) 例如
7、:Everyone says it is justified to learn a second language so we must learn one. 点评:人人都说,或者大多数都说,这并不意味着该观点正确。 10.滑坡谬误 (Slippery slope) 例如:If we dont care about the environment, the world will die in 50 years. 点评:从环境问题到世界灭亡,中间有无数环节未提供论证。来源:能飞英语网()详细地址:Love Is a Fallacy爱情是个谬误这是一篇我非常喜欢的文章,这也是在大学里我教授的三年级
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