曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记(15页).doc
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1、-曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记-第 15 页一、语法和语义 Grammar and Meaning 1. Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English? 2. Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the authors intended meaning? Meaning Errors1. Choose your words Eg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damage
2、s Wrong: The court declared that Jack should pay full damagesexplanation: on the GMAT exam, the word” should” only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose.2. Place your words3. Match your words (主语和谓语在一起要有意义)4. Avoid Redundancy a. GMAT考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一个句子中使用了两个意思重复的词语。例如:The value
3、of the stock rose by a 10% increase . Right: The value of the stock rose by 10% b. 要注意时间的表达词语。尤其是当一个时间表达未被划线,或者两个表达相同时间的词语看起来不同练习:1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise investment. 替换:Even though it requires much work, 解析:原句要表达的意思是,不论主语花费
4、的工作量有多大,它都是一个明智的投资 (may是关键词); 而替换句中把may去掉,意思变为“即使它要求很大工作量,它是一个明智的投资。因此替换句改变了原句的意思。Tip: 当划线句中有情态动词时,必须格外注意,如果选项中没有对应意思的情态动词,那么一般为错选。2. (place word)The driver took the people for a ride who had been waiting. 替换:the people who had been waiting for a ride.解析:虽然替换句更正了原句中who指代不明的情况,但是却改变了作者的意思。正确修改为:The p
5、eople who had been waiting were taken for a ride by the driver. 3. (choose word)Rising costs to raw materials may impel us to rise prices farther 替换:costs of raw materials may impale us to raise prices further. 解析:将”to” 换为”of”正确, 表示raw material花费的钱;raise替换rise正确,raise后面直接跟宾语,而rise通常用在没有直接宾语的语境中,如int
6、erest rose in May. 将farther替换为further正确,farther指距离,further指某事的程度;然而,用impale替换impel是错误的,impale表示将某物钉在某物上4.(place word) She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day watering the more than 50 plants in her yard.替换:every day watering more than the 50 plants in her yard.原句的more than修饰50 pla
7、nts,而替换句中more than 提到the 50 plants前面,意思变为:她不仅仅watering,而且还做其他的工作。9. Electronic devices can distract driver. 10. Many directors suspect that managers are attempting to conceal the extent of losses at the company. (累赘表达为have the suspicion, are suspicious about) 11. They are ready for whatever may happ
8、en. ( in readiness) 12. The senator read her speech hastily.(赘述为in haste, with haste.)13. A tasty cake will not last long in a room full of hungry children. (赘述为A cake that is tasty will not last for a long time in a room full of children who are hungry)技巧:主谓一致和代词最容易辨别,所以有些情况下能帮助迅速判断选项二、Subject and
9、Verb -Agreement1. 只有and可以使单数名词变为复数,其他的additive phrases (如 along with, together with, in addition to, as well as, accompanied by) 无此功能。 Eg: There are a desk and a toy around the corner2. Neithernor 和either or 采用就近原则3. GMAT中,collective nouns(集合名词)almost always singular4. Indefinite pronouns: usually s
10、ingular. 以one, -thing, -body, 结尾的都是单三5. Subject phrase and clauses: always singular. Eg: Doing it means a lot to me. 三、Parallelism 平行结构a. Definition: the comparable sentence must be structurally and logically similar.b. By spotting Parallel Markers to know whether one sentence requires a parallelism
11、. Markers Structures ExamplesAndX and YBothand Both X and YOr X or YEither or Either X or YNotbut Not X but YNot only but alsoRather than X rather than YFrom to From X to YAnd, But, Or are the most important markersc. And. 注意事项 If you join 2 clauses with and, you can put an optional comma before the
12、 and. Doing so is especially recommended when the clauses are long, independent, or both.Eg: I really like candy, and I eat them often. Treat any linking verbs as parallelism markers. Make the subject and object paralleld. Parallelism Elements1. 主句的谓语动词可以引发一系列单词,第二个平行结构的be动词和介词可以省略比如, 1. He wants to
13、 clean the house, wash cloth, and go shopping. 2. Cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities. 3. The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems. 4. 从句平行这类结构必须从从句的连接词开始,以消除歧义比如,After I retire, I want
14、 to live in place where I can breath clean air and where the tax is low. e. Certain idioms demand parallelism as a result of their structure. f. Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism 在将一个语法结构化成(结构)平行前,必须先搞清楚其各要素在逻辑上是否平行。例如,Joy dedicates himself in new job, going to work early, lunching regu
15、larly, and leaving office lately. Going, lunching, 和 leaving 是对dedicates的一个解释说明,其逻辑主语为Joy。 根据这个句子的meaning, 不能将dedicate 和后面三个动词当成是一系列并列平行的动作。Problem Set 1. Researchers have found a correlation between exercise and good grades.2. Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exci
16、ting to us as to the people 3. Many teachers choose to seek employment in the suburbs rather than face low salaries in the city4. A good nights sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizes you.5. The joint business venture will increase employee satisfaction and improve relati
17、ons between A and B.6. The museum displays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those who are world-renowned to those who are virtually unknown. 7. The experiences we have (错:when children) in children influence our behavior in adulthood. 11. The band chosen for the annual spring concert appe
18、aled to both the student body and the administration. both A and B12. Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncertain future. 正确修改:which have been shaken by a string13. Voters want to el
19、ect a president who genuinely cares about health care, the environment, and the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the experience, wisdom, 14. The consultant is looking for a caf where there are comfortable chairs and that provides free internet access. 修改:通过and可以看出此句应为两个名词性从句的平行,所以 tha
20、t has comfortable chairs 应为最优表达四、Pronouns原则(做题思路):1. 先行词必须存在,即我们要指代的那个先行词必须在句子中以名词的形式存在。(警惕名词作形容词的陷阱) 例如:The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfire, which could be dangerous to it. It原本应该指代park, 但是park放在ranger前面作为一个定语成分,不是名词。2. 先行词和指代词的搭配必须有意义(whether the antecedent and pronoun a
21、gree logically)。 例如, Although the term” supercomputer” may sound exaggerated, it is simply an fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. 找到先行词,the term” supercomputer”, 但把它放到这句话的第二部分中后发现没有意义。 正确修改:it simply refers to an fastNote: GMAT通常会利用我们“想当然”的思维方式来设置陷阱,比如此题中,我们当然理解作者
22、的意思(即原句中的i指的是supercomputer,),但是这在语法结构却是错误的。一定要形成一个习惯:把指代词换成前面的antecedent,看看是否能得到一个有意义有逻辑的句子。3. Antecedent and pronoun must agree in number, 两者在数量上一致4. 最容易出错的五个第三人称代词:it, its, they, their, them 这五个代词指代同名同物!5. a. 在GMAT中,this,these, that, those 不能单独指代名词。 例如,This is great 这种表达在GMAT里是模糊的。b. This, these,
23、that, those可以作为形容词放在名词前面进行指代例如:New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.c. 以下单词可以独立使用来替代名词:it, they, them(指代同名同物); 如果想使用that 或 those, 必须modify that or those to make them new copies例如:The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children. “ spent by her
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