大学英语四级考试辅导语法教案整编.ppt
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1、大学英语专题辅导,专题一:重点语法部分,第一章 虚拟语气,虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表示一种假设、意愿、建议、请求等不可能成为事实的情况。 1虚拟语气用于非真实条件句 非真实条件句,往往表示一种不真实的假设。一般地,非真实条件句由连接词If引导,但也可以省略,还有其它一些形式的非真实条件句。,11谓语动词的各种形式在If引导的非真实条件句中,谓语动词具有以下特殊形式:,与现在 从 句 did,were, V-ed 事实相反 主 句 would(should,could,might)+v. 与过去 从 句 had+V-ed/been 事实相反 主 句 would(should,could
2、, might) + have+v-ed 对未来的 从 句 were to/should+ v 虚拟推测 主 句 would(should,could,might)+v.,1.1.1.和现在事实相反的非真实条件句,这类非真实条件句表示和现在事实相反的情况。比如: -I would/should certainly go if I had the time. 如果我有时间,我一定会去的。 -If I were your father, I would criticize you more severely. 如果我是你父亲,我会更严厉地批评你。,-How nice it would be if
3、you could stay a bit longer! 如果你能久留些日子,那多好啊! -If I knew his address ,I would be able to write to him . 如果我知道他的地址,我就能给他写信了。 -If he were here ,he might be able to help. 如果他在这里,他或许会帮忙的。,1.1.2.和过去事实相反的非真实条件句 这类非真实条件句表示过去未发生的事情,和过去事实相反。比如:,-If I had left a little earlier ,I would have caught the train. 如
4、果我早一点离开的话,我就会赶上火车了。 -The mans life might have been saved if he had been sent to a better hospital. 如果把那个人送到一家更好的医院的话,他也许回被救活的,-I could have done better if I had been more careful. 我要是更细心一些的话,会做得更好的。 You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes. 你如果多穿些衣服,就不会着凉了。,1.1.3.对未来事情的虚拟推测 这类非真实条
5、件句表示对未来事情的虚拟推测。-If I were to/should do it ,I would do it in a different way.,这类非真实条件句表示对未来事情的虚拟推测。 -If I were to/should do it ,I would do it in a different way. 如果我去做这事的话,我会用不同方式去做的。 -If this were to happen again , we wouldnt let you off so easily. 如果这样的事情再次发生,我们不会如此轻易的放过你的。 -If they should dare to
6、invade our country , we would wipe them out completely. 如果他们胆敢侵略我们国家,我们会将他们全部消灭掉。,1.1.4.省略If的非真实条件句 虚拟条件句中的连接词if省略时,要把were, had, should移到从句的主语之前。比如:,-Were I rich (=if I were rich), I would give you some money.如果我富有的话,我会给你一些钱的。,-Had I had more time (=If I had had more time), I would have finished my
7、homework. 如果我有更多些时间,我一定已经完成家庭作业了。 -Should he come early (=If he should come early), tell him to wait for his wife. 如果他来得早,告诉他等候他的妻子。,1.1.5.错综时间非真实条件句 主句表示的动作和从句表示的动作所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间进行调整 ,如果从句表示过去,而主句表示现在,或者从句表示现在,而主句表示过去,可以使用混合虚拟形式.,-If she had taken the doctors advice, she wouldnt be in hos
8、pital now. 如果她听从医生建议的话,现在也就 不会住院了。,如果汤姆通过了大学考试,他现在就在这所大学里学习了。-If she wasnt so busy now, she might have joined us in the work. 如果她现在不那么忙,她或许会参加我们的工作。,-Tom would be studying at the university now if he had passed the entrance examination.,1.1.6.含蓄条件句英语中有些句子从形式上看不包含条件从句,但在意义上却是非真实条件句,这类句子称为含蓄条件句,这样的句子可
9、分为三类,1.省略整个条件句 -Such mistakes could have been avoided. (省略了if we had been more careful). 这样的错误本来是能够避免的。 -I should have caught the train. (省略了if I had left a little earlier) 我本应该赶上火车的。,2.用介词或介词短语表示的非真实条件句 -But for air and water, no living thing could exist. 没有氧气和水,任何生物都不能生存。 -Without steel, there wou
10、ld be hardly any industry to talk about. 没有钢,几乎任何工业都无从谈起。 -I would have done the same in that position. 我要是处于那个位置,也会那样做的.,3.通过上下文来表示非真实条件句 -I was ill that day, otherwise I would have come to see you. 那天我生病了,否则我就来看你了。 -You cannot do that. It would ruin your life. 你不能那样做,那会毁了你的一生。 -Tom just gives up e
11、verything for her. Herry wouldnt be that silly. 汤姆为她放弃一切,亨利才不会那么傻呢。,1.2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句 1.2.1.句型“wish that” 在wish后的that宾语从句中: 1.如果表示对现在的愿望,从句谓语要使用过去时: (1)从句谓语动词如果是be,则用were形式。 (2)从句谓语动词如果是行为动词,则用过去时形式。 -I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是只鸟儿。 -I wish you didnt talk like that. 但愿你没有那样说。,2.如果表示对将来的愿望,从句谓语动词用 “would
12、 (could, might )+动词原形” 的形式。 -I wish you would do the favor for me. 但愿你会帮我这个忙。 -I wish I could speak several languages. 但愿我会说好几种语言。,3.如果表示对过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望,从句谓语动词用过去完成时形式“had+done/been ”形式。 -I wish you hadnt made so many spelling mistakes in the last exam. 但愿上次考试你没出那么多拼写错误。 -I wish that I had listened
13、 to your advice. 多希望我那时听了你的话。,1.2.2. 句型“主语+引起虚拟的动词+含虚拟语气的宾语从句”,1.英语中有很多表示愿望、请求、命令、建议等意义的动词,当它们作为谓语引导宾语从句时,从句谓语必须用“(should)+动词原形”的形式.常用的这类动词有:,demand,insist,suggest,command, request,order,propose,desire,require, urge,maintain,deserve,recommend, intend,move,ask,prefer,advise,decide等等。 -The teacher ins
14、isted that all the students (should) be on time. 老师要求学生们准时到校。 -He suggested that the regulations (should) be revised. 他建议修改规则。,The lawyer asked that the case (should ) be postponed for one month. 律师要求案子往后推迟一个月。 但是,请注意: 1. 在书面语中,should 常常可以省略,在TOEFL考试中,should必须省略。,2.在动词expect, believe, think, suspect
15、等的否定形式或疑问形式后,其宾语从句的谓语可用虚拟语气,其形式为“should +动词原形或完成时用来表示惊讶、困惑、怀疑、不满等情绪。比如: -I never expected that the problem should be so complicated. 我从未想到问题会如此复杂。 -They just couldnt believe that the new stadium should be so big. 他们简直不能相信新的体育馆会如此大。 -I dont think he should have done the favor for you. 我觉得他是不会帮你忙的。,1.
16、3.虚拟语气用于主语从句 1.3.1. 句 型 1.表达虚拟语气的主语从句的一般形式为: It is/was +引起虚拟语气的形容词或过去分词+含虚拟语气的主语从句 2.这类主语从句常常用于表示要求、建议、命令、请求、提议等,其谓语形式往往为“(should)+动词原形”的形式。在美国,常省略should,而在英国,则往往不省略should。,比如: -It is necessary that the machine (should) be oiled everyday. 机器必须天天上油。 -It is desired that every student (should) pass the
17、 exam. 要求每位学生都得通过考试。,1.3.2.可以引导这类虚拟语气的主语从句的形容词和过去分词,1.一般形容词 important, necessary natural, possible, essential, vital, appropriate, better, best, imperative, probable 等等。,It is important/ vital/ necessary/ essential that the environment (should) be protected. 2.表示惊讶、厌恶、不解等意义的形容词:用来强调“惊讶”的语气。,pity, in
18、teresting, strange, odd, amazing, astonishing,surprising,annoying,ridiculous, absurd,sorry,shocked,astonished, unthinkable, incredible 等等。,-It is amazing that he (should) finish the work so soon. -It is a pity/ interesting/ strange/ odd/ surprising/ annoying/ absurd/ ridiculous that a man like him (
19、should) make such a foolish mistake. -I am sorry/shocked/astonished that he (should) feel that way. 在这里,should用于强调“惊讶”的意义。,3.“特殊”形容词,这些形容词往往与上面所列的能引起虚拟语气的动词相对应。 如:advisable, desirable, urgent, preferable 等等。 -It is desirable that the classroom (should) be cleaned in an hour. 希望教室在一个小时内打扫干净。 -It is a
20、dvisable that another university (should) be set up. 建立另一所大学是行得通的。,4.动词过去分词,这些分词也往往与上面所列的能引起虚拟语气的动词相对应。比如: desired,advised,decided,required, requested,proposed,ordered, demanded,insisted,arranged,moved, suggested等等。 It is recommended/ decided/ requested/ suggested that the rules (should) be protecte
21、d.,1.4.虚拟语气用于状语从句 1.4.1.由as if/though 引导的表语从句和方式状 语从句 1.其谓语形式跟wish后的宾语从句中的谓语形式一样,有如下形式: (1)如果表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语要使用过去时,即:从句谓语动词如果是系动词be,则用were形式;如果是行为动词,则用过去时形式。 (2)如果表示与过去事实相反,从句谓语用过去完成时形式“had+动词的过去分词”,也可用“could/would +动词的完成时”形式。 (3)如果表示与将来事实相反,从句谓语为“would (could, might)+动词原形”的形式。,2.举例 -He looks as if h
22、e were ill. 他看上去仿佛病了。 -This machine operated as though it had been repaired. 这机器运行良好,仿佛修理过一样。 -They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们交谈起来似乎是多年的朋友一样。 -It seems as if it were spring already. 现在仿佛已经是春天了。,1.4.2.由某些连词引导的让步状语从句 以下连词可以引导让步状语从句:lest, for fear that, whether等。 -He took his rain
23、coat with him lest it should rain.他随身带上雨衣,生怕下雨。 -We hid behind some bushes for fear that passers-by should see us. 我们躲在矮树后,以防过路人看见。 -All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms. 所有物质,无论是气体、液体、还是固体,均由原子组成。,1.4.3. 由某些连词引导的条件状语从句 1可以引导含有虚拟语气的条件状语从句的连词有:in case(假使,说不定) unless(除非,
24、如果不)supposing(假如)providing(倘若)on condition that(如果) 2.这类条件状语的谓语动词可用动词的过去时形式,也可用“(should)+动词原形”或“may (might, could, would)+动词原形”的形式。,3.举例 -I will get some beer in case John should come here. 我会弄些啤酒,以便约翰来这里。 -Unless he were my friend, I should not expect his help. 如果他不是我的朋友,我不会期待他的帮助。 -Supposing he ne
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