最新[外文翻译]办公用品网上商城的设计与实现-(1).doc
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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date外文翻译办公用品网上商城的设计与实现-(1)外文翻译办公用品网上商城的设计与实现-(1)Behavior Research Methods 2005, 37 (4), 703-710Generic HTML Form Processor: A versatile PHP script to save Web-collected data into a MySQL da
2、tabaseAnja S Gritz and Michael H BirnbaumIn the last decade, the execution of experiments and surveys via the World-Wide Web has become an established method (see Birnbaum, 2001, 2004a, 2004b; Kraut etal.,2004). Several reviews have concluded that the quality of data achieved in online studies can b
3、e comparable to, and sometimes better than, that obtained. by more traditional methods involving a lab, paper questionnaires, or telephone interviews (Birnbaum, 2001; Krantz & Dalal, 2000; McGraw, Tew, & Williams, 2000). There are other advantages of Web research. On the Web, people can be tested at
4、 any time and place, laboratory rooms or physically present experimenters are not necessary (so experimenter effects remain constant), and automated data handling reduces both the labor and error of data coding and entry (Birnbaum & Reips, 2005; Gritz & Schumacher, 2000).In addition, the Web method
5、allows one to collect large samples inexpensively, which makes it possible to draw clear conclusions and to check their generality to different subsamples tested (Birnbaum, 1999; Reips, 2002). An example of an HTML Web form is given in Birnbaum (2000). Such an HTML page can be placed on a server, wh
6、ere the participant can view it and fill in answers by typing in information and clicking on choices. When the participant is finished, he or she can then click on a button to send the data. Birnbaums (2000) surveyWiz and factorWiz are freely available programs that make it easy to create HTML forms
7、 for simple surveys and within subjects factorial experiments. Reips and Neuhaus (2002) have developed WEXTOR, which is useful for generating Web experiments that utilize (for instance) between subjects factorial designs with multiple pages for different conditions.Sending Data From an HTML FormTher
8、e are three methods of receiving data that have been collected through an HTML form. The first method is to use the “get” method and extract the form input from the server log files (see Birnbaum & Reips, 2005). A second method is to have the form data e-mailed to the researcher. This can be done by
9、 means of the HTML forms action attributefor example,.However, some systems refuse such an action attribute if, for example, no e-mail client is set up (as might be the case for, e.g., computers in a public library). Moreover, some browsers issue a more or less draconian alert, which the participant
10、 has to confirm for the data to be e-mailed. Most problematic for large efforts, though, is the fact that each submission generates its own e-mail, so data need to be extracted from thousands of individual e-mails and merged into one data file. Thus, whereas the e-mail method might be useful during
11、testing of a form or for small efforts like obtaining RSVPs to a party, the method is not practical for large research projects. The third method is to use server-side CGI (“common gateway interface”) scripts to process and save the form data. In this case, the action attribute of a Web form sends t
12、he forms data to a CGI script that is located on a Web server (Schmidt, 1997, 2000). An example of such an attribute is.Thus, use of CGI requires the researcher to have access to a CGI-enabled directory on a Web server. There are several benefits of using a CGI script: First, the CGI can process the
13、 data and save them in a file format ready for analysis. Order bias can be eliminated by presenting items and alternative answers in random order, and the CGI can reorganize the data. Also, skip patterns can be incorporated into questionnaires. In addition, participants input can be validated in rea
14、l time; for example, data errors can be detected and respondents pointed to omitted items (Gritz & Schumacher, 2000).CGI scripts can be written in any language that a given server can execute, such as ASP (“active server pages”),Perl (“practical extraction and report language”), or PHP (“hypertext p
15、reprocessor”). PHP is an increasingly popular scripting language (see As with Perl, PHP interpreters are open-source, free, and available for many different platforms. One can check the availability of PHP for ones own platform and download a suitable installation package from the Downloads section
16、of the PHP home at .Run Your Own Server With Apache, PHP, and MySQLThere are many advantages to running your own server (Birnbaum & Reips, 2005; Schmidt, Hoffman, & MacDonald, 1997). You can configure the most common Web servers to work with PHP. You can install PHP on a server by following the inst
17、allation instructions that come with the downloaded package. In most cases, PHP is installed on the same server where the HTML forms reside, but it can also be installed on any other server where the data are to be saved. Apache is a powerful, widespread, and flexible open-source Web server. Apaches
18、 Web server comes already installed in new Macintosh computers, as are Perl and PHP, and is freely available for PCs and almost any other platform from www.apache.org. There are two options for how a PHP script can store the data from the HTML form. One simple method is to have the script save the f
19、orm data into a text file that is located on the server. For example, this might be a comma separated values (CSV) file. After all data have been collected, the file can be read into a spreadsheet or statistical application.However, if participants input at some stage of the research needs to be use
20、d dynamically to determine the next question, or if the questionnaire consists of more than one HTML form, it is advisable to have ones PHP script save the form data into a database. The advantage of the database is that it can store information about the participant, make computations on those data
21、, and dynamically respond to the participants behavior. Using a database allows the server to keep track of a participant who may perform many tasks over a period of time.Servers can use various database applications, including Oracle, MS Access, and MySQL. We recommend MySQL because it is an open-s
22、ource, free, compact, fast, reliable, robust, and multiuser database server that compiles on many platforms. Its home page is . MySQL databases can easily be administered with the free tool MySQL Control Center (now succeeded by MySQL Administrator), which can also be downloaded from .A Generic HTML
23、 Form Processor in PHPA versatile PHP script called Generic HTML Form Processor has been developed that processes any syntactically correct input from HTML forms. It is available, along with sample HTML forms, from The script creates “on the fly” a MySQL database containing one data table. In the ta
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