HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (33).pdf
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1、4.2 Pax Romana 2Hi,this is the second part of chapter four:Pax Romana,the second part.1.In the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD,Vespasian finally restored the order and became the first Emperor of a new dynasty,the FlavianDynasty.This dynasty ruled the Roman Empire between 69 to 96,consisting of t
2、hree emperors:Vespasian(6979),and his two sons Titus(7981)and Domitian(8196).2.This dynasty experienced some natural disasters.The volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 was one of the most catastrophicdisasters in the human history.It released 100,000 times of the thermal energy of the Hiroshima
3、-Nagasaki bombings dropped by U.S.during theSecond World War.The eruption ejected a cloud of stones,ashes and volcanic gases to 33 km high.The surrounding cities Pompeii andHerculaneum were completely buried.The total inhabitants of the cities were 16,00020,000;the remains of about 1,500 people have
4、 been foundat Pompeii and Herculaneum,but the overall death toll is still unknown.3.The First JewishRoman War(6673 CE),sometimes called the Great Revolt was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against theRoman Empire.The Roman army led by Vespasian son and the future Emperor Titus besieg
5、ed and conquered the city of Jerusalem in 70AD.4.The ColosseumThe Colosseum,also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre,a huge round building is situated in the center of Rome,just east of the Roman Forum.Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his son,the
6、 emperor Titus.The Colosseum couldhold 80,000 spectators;it was used for gladiatorial contests,animal hunts,executions,and dramas.This is an 1883 historical painting by Frenchartist Jean-Lon Grme.The Christian Martyrs Last Prayer describes the persecution against the Christians by the Roman Empire.M
7、anyChristians were killed by being thrown to the beasts at The Colosseum.What a horrible scene!5.NervaAntonine dynastyThe last emperor Domitian of the Flavian dynasty was assassinated in 96AD by members of the Praetorian Guard and several of his freedmen.Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senat
8、e.This was the first time the Senate elected a Roman emperor.Nerva was the first emperor ofthe long-lived NervaAntonine dynasty.This dynasty has 7emperors:Nerva,Trajan,Hadrian,Antoninus Pius,Lucius Verus,Marcus Aureliu,Commodus.Lucius Verus was the co-emperor with Marcus Aureliu until his death,and
9、the last emperor Commodus was the co-emperor with hisfather Marcus Aureliu,after the latter died he became the only one.The first emperor Nerva established this dynasty,and the last one was the sonof the former emperor.All other emperors are called Adoptive Emperors.They were all the adopted sons an
10、d heirs of the ruling emperors.6.The Italian Renaissance political philosopher Niccol Machiavelli(1469 1527)called the first five emperors Nerva,Trajan,Hadrian,Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Five Good Emperors.He wrote all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth,except Titus,werebad;al
11、l were good who succeeded by adoption,as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus.In The History of the Decline and Fall of theRoman Empire,English historian Edward Gibbon(1737 1794)wrote the time of Five Good Emperors is the period in the history of the worldduring which the condition of the hu
12、man race was the happiest and most prosperous”,“the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power,under the guidance of wisdom and virtue.7.Trajan was a successful soldier-commander-emperor who conquered modern Romania,Armenia and Mesopotamia.The Roman Empirereached to its maximum territorial extent b
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