HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (77).pdf
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1、8.4 Age of Enlightenment1.The Modern history of Europe started from the early 16th century until the end of the second Word War in 1945.The Modern historywitnessed three culture movements:the Renaissance,the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment.Age of Enlightenment also known as theAge of Re
2、ason or simply the Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 18th century.The 18th centurywas called the Century of Philosophy because the Enlightenment and its strong impact on the whole Western civilization.As a verb,enlighten means to give knowledge and gre
3、ater understanding about something.The Enlightenment had a set of advanced ideals likeliberty,optimism,happiness,progress,tolerance,fraternity,constitutional government and separation of church and state.2.Dare to know is the spirit or attitude of the Enlightenment.Dare to know requires free thinkin
4、g based on reason.Like German philosopherImmanuel Kant 1724-1804 wrote in What Is Enlightenment?This enlightenment requires nothing but freedom-and the most innocent of all that may be called freedom:freedom to make publicuse of ones reason in all matters.Now I hear the cry from all sides:Do not arg
5、ue!The officer says:Do not argue-drill!The taxcollector:Do not argue-pay!The pastor:Do not argue-believe!Only one ruler in the world says:Argue as much as you please,but obey!We find restrictions on freedom everywhere.But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment?Which restriction is innocent,an
6、d which advances enlightenment?I reply:the public use of ones reason must be free at times,and this alone can bring enlightenmentto mankind.3.The Enlightenment started from France.French historians traditionally defined Age of Enlightenment from the death of Louis XIV in 1715to 1789 the beginning of
7、 the French Revolution.Enlightenment was influence by the scientific revolution in the seventh century and the Industrial Revolution which began in Great Britain frommid-eighteenth century and lasted to the mid-nineteenth century.The technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution include the
8、 textilesmachines and steam engines.This revolution made Great Britain became the worlds leading industrial,trade and commercial power.The bourgeoisie.The French word bourgeois means town dweller.In Marxist theory,the bourgeoisie are the middle-class people who ownmost of the wealth in a capitalist
9、system,and the lower middle class was the petty bourgeoisie.The bourgeoisie played a heroic and progressiverole in all revolutions from the 17th century including the English revolutions,the Industrial Revolution,the Enlightenment,the American Revolutionand the French Revolution.However,the bourgeoi
10、sie also seeks to monopolize the benefits of the modernization by exploiting the propertylessproletariat and thereby creating new revolutionary tensions.4.Salons.In French salon is a drawing room or reception room in a large house.In France during the 17th and 18th centuries salon means anassembly o
11、f guests in such a room,the guests were the leaders in society,art,politics,etc.The host of a salon was normally an importantnoblewoman.Salons played an important role in the process of Enlightenment;the Enlightenment ideas were discussed there by intellectuals.5.The Caf Procope.Coffee is a brewed d
12、rink prepared from roasted coffee beans,coffee beans originally from tropical Africa.In 15th centuryit was brought to Aribia.In 17th century this Muslim drink spread to Italy then the whole Europe.Caf Procope is the oldest restaurant of Parisopened since 1686 and still opened today.Throughout the 18
13、th century,it was the meeting place of the Enlightenment intellectuals.Voltaire,Diderot often went there,Voltaire drank forty cups of coffee a day.From this painting we can see Voltaire with his arm raised and Diderot to hisright.Lets talk about the greatest Enlightenment intellectuals6.Montesquieu
14、1689-1755 is famous for his theory of separation of powers which influenced the Founding Fathers in drafting the United StatesConstitution.He was born into a noble family in Bordeaux;succeed from his uncle as the Baron de Montesquieu,served as a counselor andhighest judge in the Bordeaux Parliament.
15、He sold off his office and made the grand tour,spent two years in England.The two societies he mostadmired were ancient Rome and present-day Britain.Persian Letters is a literary work telling the experiences of two Persian noblemen traveling through France,through the eyes of the two visitors,Montes
16、quieu cleverly criticizing the absurdities of contemporary French society.The Spirit of the Law.Montesquieu spent 21 years working on this book which covering a huge range of topics including law,social life and theanthropology.He argued about how liberty could be achieved and how to avoid despotism
17、.Despotism is a cruel and unfair government by a rulerwho has a lot of power and rule through threat of punishment and violence.He advocated a constitutional system of government with separation ofpowers,the preservation of legality and civil liberties,the abolition of torture and slavery.7.Voltaire
18、1694-1778 was a pen name;his real name was Franois-Marie Arouet.Voltaire was a versatile,his works including plays,poems,novels,essays and historical and scientific works.He left more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.He is famous forhis outspoken criticism of Christianity,
19、especially the Roman Catholic Church,and his advocacy of freedom of religion,freedom of speech,andseparation of church and state.Voltaire challenged all authority,he held nothing sacred.Voltaire was born into a bourgeois family,he had been jailed in the Bastille twice for his writing and for he chal
20、lenged a nobleman for a duel whichwas considered an insult because he was not a nobleman.Duel is a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people to settle a quarrel over apoint of honor.8.He spent two years in Britain and came back writing Philosophical Letters Concerning the English Nation.He
21、 stated the English nation is1the only one on the earth that has succeeded in controlling the power of kings by resisting them;the book was seen as an attack on the Frenchabsolute monarchy and soon was banned.He was forced to exile into the village of Cirey.There he lived openly with his mistress mi
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