HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (10).pdf
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1、1.4.Athens and the Persian Wars.1.Democratic Athens.Last time we talked about the wealthy Corinth and the martial Sparta,now we go to Athens.The name Athens came fromAthena,patron goddess of Athens.Look who great the Parthenon on the Acropolis2.Athens located on the central plain of Attica,and is bu
2、ilt around a number of hills.The history of Athens dates back to 1400 BC in the Greek Bronze Age.Acropolis originally was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress.Duringthe Dark Age Athens gradually united the whole Attic region and became the largest city state in Greece.In the Archaic period,Athens
3、wasfamous for its political reforms.Athens is the birthplace of western democracy.By the 7th century BC,social unrest and violence between groups and families threatened Athens.In 621BC the Athenians granted a judge Dracoto draft a strict new code of law.But he failed because his law was too harsh e
4、ven minor offence could be punished by death.Today we use“Draconian”to describe something extremely harsh,like draconian punishment,draconian measures.In 594 BC a merchant Solon was given theright to create a new constitution.His reforms laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.Before Solon,Athen
5、s was administered by nine archons.An archon is a chief magistrate.Archons were elected annually by the Areopagus.3.The Areopagus is a very big rock on a hill in Athens,the meeting place of the council of elders.Thus Areopagus became the name of thecouncil of elders;it was the highest governmental c
6、ouncil and judicial court.Its members were the former archons.Solons reform weakened theAreopagus and broke the aristocrats exclusive control of the power.An aristocrat is someone whose family has a high social rank.Solon dividedthe society into four classes.The top two classes were the only people
7、eligible to become top officials.The poorest could not hold offices butcould attend the Assembly and the law courts.Solon established a council of 400 members drawn from all four classes.Solon gave citizens theright of appeal,and abolished slavery for debtors,a citizen might be poor but he could not
8、 become a salve just because he could not pay his debt.4.Athenian TyrannyAfter completing his reform,Solon refused to be a tyrant.He surrendered his authority and left the country.In 545BC,an aristocrat Pisistratusseized power by hiring a mercenary force.Peisistratus and his son Hippias ruled for 35
9、 years.They are tyrants,got power illegally;they arearistocrats but got power from the demos,rather than aristocrats.“Demos”means people in Greek.Hippias was harsh;he drove many hisopponents into exile.In 510 BC,by the help of Sparta troops some exiles overthrew Hippias.This brought the end of the A
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