HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (30).pdf
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1、3.5 End of Republic 63-27BCThis is the last part of the Chapter Three End of Republic1.Pompey(106-48BC)and Crassus(ca 115-53BC)were both protgs of Sully.We mentioned patronage was the relationship between apatron and their clients.Patron was a man of wealth and influence;he protected and sponsored h
2、is clients,client also called protg.Pompeysfather was consul in 89 BC,a military commander supported Sulla against Marius.In 87 BC after death of his father,twenty-year-old Pompeyinherited his fathers estates and legions.He won reputation by leading his legions fighting successfully in Africa and Sp
3、ain.He returned to Rome in70 BC and united with another ambitious commander Crassus.Crassus won popularity by suppressing slave uprising led by Spartacus.Crassuswas powerful and rich,he once said:No one should be called rich who is not able to maintain an army on his income.In 66 BC Pompey wassent t
4、o fight Mithridates,the king of Pontus in Asia.In 63 BC Pompey not only conquered Mithridates but also Armenia,Syria and Palestine.When Pompey was extending the Roman territories in Asia,at home Crassus allied with Julius Caesar,a young man from one of most ancientpatrician Roman family.They success
5、fully blocked Pompeys candidate Catiline to be elected consul in 63 BC.We know Cicero was elected thatyear and he thwarted a plot to assassinate him and overthrowing the Republic led by Catiline.2.When Pompey returned,he disbanded his army and asked the Senate grant land to his veterans but that was
6、 refused.He soon formed analliance with Crassus and Caesar which was called the First Triumvirate,Triumvirate in Latin means“three men”.3.Julius Caesar(100 44 BC)played a critical role in the events that led to the end of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Imperial Rome.Caesar is considered one
7、of the greatest military commanders in history.Caesar was born into a patrician family,a descent from the legendaryTrojan prince Aeneas.His aunt Julia married Marius.During the civil war between Marius and Sulla,when Marius controlled Rome Caesar wasnominated Pontifex Maximus,the highest priest of J
8、upiter.But when Sulla became the winner Caesar was persecuted.He left Rome and joined thearmy and returned until the death of Sulla.Caesar formed the first Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus.The three of them had enough moneyand influence to control political power,Pompey married Caesars daughter J
9、ulia.In 59 BC Caesar was elected consul.He was appointedgovernor of provinces of todays northern Italy,southeastern Europe and southern France.When his consulship ended,Caesar quickly left for hisprovinces and from there he started the famous Gallic Wars.4.Gaul was a region of Western Europe inhabit
10、ed by Celtic tribes,including todays France,Luxembourg,Belgium,most of Switzerland,Northern Italy,as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine.Caesars Gallic Wars against the Celtic tribes started from 58 BC and finished in 50 BC with a complete Roman victory.The
11、 territory of theRoman Republic expanded over the whole area of Gaul.He even made two expeditions into Britain,this was the first time Roman army crossedthe English Straight.The Gallic wars paved the way for Julius Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman Republic.Caesars successfulcampaigns won
12、 his popularity at home.In 53 Crassus died during fighting in Syria,leaving Pompey and Caesar to challenge each other for thesupreme power.5.In 49 BC under the influence of Pompey the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor hadfinished.Crossing the R
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