大学物理小结.pdf
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1、第一章质点运动学一、质点运动的描述在笛卡尔坐标系中1、位置和位移位置矢量运动方程)(trr运动方程的分量形式位移位移的分量2、速度平均速度速度速度的分量位移公式3、加速度平均加速度加速度加速度的分量速度公式4、匀加速运动公式二、切向加速度和法向加速度在自然坐标系中,以运动方向为正方向。1、路程(运动方程)2、速率速度沿轨道切向并指向前进一侧。3、加速度切向加速度,沿轨道切向。法向加速度,指向轨道的曲率中心。加速度的大小加速度与速度的夹角满足v 增加时,沿 v 方向,为锐角;v 减小时,逆 v 方向,为钝角。三、圆周运动的角量描述在平面极坐标系中1、角位置(角量运动方程)2、角速度角位移公式3、
2、角加速度角速度公式4、匀角加速运动公式5、角量与线量的关系四、相对运动设两个笛卡尔坐标系k 和的 x、y、z 轴指向相同。1、位置变换位移变换2、速度变换加速度变换3第二章质点动力学一、牛顿运动定律第一定律惯性和力的概念,惯性系定义。第二定律常用形式为或笛卡尔直角坐标系分量式,自然坐标系分量式,第三定律二、牛顿运动定律应用两大类问题已知质点运动状态求力。已知质点受力情况求运动状态。三、动量动量守恒定律1、冲量:力对时间的累积称为力的冲量。2、动量定理:合外力的冲量等于质点(系)动量的增量。(微分形式)(积分形式)3、动量守恒定律:合外力为零时,质点(系)动量守恒。4、碰撞完全弹性碰撞:动量守恒
3、,机械能(动能)守恒。非完全弹性碰撞:动量守恒。完全非弹性碰撞:动量守恒。5、平均冲力:四、角动量角动量守恒定律1、角动量:对惯性系中某参考点。质点的角动量,大小为质点系的角动量2、力矩:对某参考点。,大小为合力矩为各分力对同一参考点的力矩的矢量和。3、冲量矩:力矩对时间的累积称为力矩的冲量矩。4、角动量定理:对惯性系中某参考点,合外力矩等于质点(系)角动量对时间的变化率。(微分形式)或:合外力矩的冲量矩等于质点(系)角动量的增量。(积分形式)5、角动量守恒定律:合外力矩为零时,质点(系)角动量守恒。五、功合力对质点的功等于各分力功的代数和。一对内力的功与参照系无关,只与作用物体的相对位移有关
4、。功率六、动能定理1、质点的动能定理:合外力对质点做的功等于质点动能的增量。或(微分形式)2、质点系动能定理:外力做的功与内力做的功之和等于质点系动能的增量。文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文
5、档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4
6、Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H1
7、0 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2
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10、CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y1
11、0K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8七、势能1、势能定理:保守力做的功等于系统势能增量的负值。2、势能的计算:空间任一点的势能等于保守力从该点到势能零点做的功。3、常用势能公式重力势能 h=0为势能零点。弹性势能弹簧原长为势能零点。引力势能为势能零点。4、由势能求保守力八、功能原理外力与非保守内力做功之和等于系统机械能的增量。九、机械能守恒定律只有保守内力做功的系统,机械能守恒。若:则:文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 Z
12、E10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E
13、2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O
14、2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL1
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16、文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C
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18、10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8第 三 章刚 体 定 轴 转 动一、刚体
19、定轴转动运动学刚体定轴转动时各质点角位移、角速度和角加速度相同,适宜用角量描述。1、角速度角加速度2、匀角加速度运动公式3、角量与线量关系二、刚体定轴转动定律1、刚体对定轴的转动惯量对质点系对连续体转动惯量为刚体在转动中惯性的量度,取决于刚体的质量、质量分布及转轴的位置。刚体整体的转动惯量为其各部分转动惯量之和。2、力对定轴的力矩或其中 F是转动平面内的力。合力矩即各分力矩的代数和,作用与反作用力矩等值反向。3、刚体定轴转动定律或其中 M为作用在刚体上的合外力矩,J 为刚体的转动惯量,为刚体的角加速度,M、J、是对同一定轴而言。三、刚体定轴转动的角动量1、质点对定轴的角动量或2、刚体对定轴的角
20、动量或3、刚体定轴转动的角动量定理微分形式或积分形式其中 M为作用在刚体上的合外力矩。4、刚体定轴转动的角动量守恒定律若 M=0,则常量对定轴的角动量定理及角动量守恒定律对定轴转动刚体以及质点系均成立。四、刚体定轴转动中的功和能1、力矩的功合力矩的功等于各分力矩的总功(代数和),作用与反作用力矩的功等值反号。力矩的功率。2、转动动能3、刚体定轴转动的动能定理其中 A为作用在刚体上合外力矩的功。4、刚体重力势能刚体作为质点系遵从功能原理及机械能守恒定律。五、质点运动与刚体定轴转动的对比质点运动和刚体定轴转动的规律在形式上相似,这反映出力学规律的共性。通过对比可以加深对刚体定轴转动的理解,帮助记忆
21、。表 质点运动与刚体定轴转动的对比质点运动刚体定轴转动速度角速度加速度角加速度质量m 转动惯量力F 力矩牛顿第二定律F=ma 转动定律动量P=mv 角动量动量定理角动量定理动量守恒定律若 F=0 则角动量守恒定律若 M=0则力的功力矩的功动能转动动能动能定理转动动能定理重力势能重力势能机械能守恒定律若只有保守力作功,则机械能守恒机械能守恒定律若只有保守力作功,则机械能守恒文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2
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25、档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4Y3Y10K8文档编码:CL10B3V3P3O2 HQ2S1E2R8H10 ZE10C4
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