新编简明英语语言学教程.ppt
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1、A Course on Linguistics for Students of English-Cheng Zhenquan School of Foreign Studies,SCNUTheGoalsforthisCoursen nTogetascientificviewonlanguage;n nTounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;n nTounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLA
2、orTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication;n nToprepareforthefutureresearchwork.TheRequirementsforthiscoursen nClassattendancen nClassroomdiscussionn nFulfillmentoftheassignmentn nExaminationReferenceBooksn n戴炜栋,何兆熊,戴炜栋,何兆熊,(2002)(2002),新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程,上,上海外语教育出版社。海外语教育出版社。n n胡壮麟,胡壮麟,(2001)(2001),语言
3、学教程语言学教程,北京大学出版社。,北京大学出版社。n n刘润清,刘润清,(1995)(1995),西方语言学流派西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版,外语教学与研究出版社。社。n nFromkin,VFromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguageAnIntroductiontoLanguagethethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,sixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,RanehartRanehart&Winston,Inc.&Win
4、ston,Inc.Chapter1.Introduction1.Whatislanguage?Languagecanmeann nwhatapersonsayswhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)n nthewayofspeakingorwritingthewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeares(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,language,LuxunsLuxunslanguage)language)n naparticul
5、arvarietyorlevelofspeechorwritingaparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)n ntheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthetheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunitysp
6、eech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chinese(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)language,firstlanguage)n nthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.He(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)studieslanguage)n natoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)atoolforhumancommunication.(soc
7、ialfunction)n nasetofrules.asetofrules.(rule-governed)(rule-governed)Sapirsdefinition(1921)n n“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Hallsdefinition(1968)n nLanguageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinterac
8、twitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”Chomskysdefinition(1957)n n“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancomm
9、unication.Languageisasystemn nSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Languageisarbitraryn nArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Languageissymbolic
10、innaturen nSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-ShakespeareLanguageisprimarilyvocaln nVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Languageishuman-specificn nHuman-specific-differentfromthecomm
11、unicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionArbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetween-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic
12、)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.soundsandmeanings.n nOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)areOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.somewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:Chinese:putongputong,shashashasha,dingdangdingd
13、ang)n nSomecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopytype-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages-Peculiartohumanlanguages,usersoflanguagecanunderstandandus
14、ersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelikeunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthe“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”hotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeninginthe
15、,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.world.n nAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheirAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganycallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.
16、noveltyimpossible.n nThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtoThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcescommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeearetheonlykin
17、dofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letdance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality(doublearticulation)n nLowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Lowerlevel-so
18、unds(meaningless)n nHigherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)n nAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessage
19、scanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbemessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofgroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofse
20、ntences.andrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(we(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeamakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.dictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:real-Languagecanbeus
21、edtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.places.n nAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearn nThereissomethingspecialaboutt
22、hebeedancethough.BeesThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundcommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thewhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebee
23、beedancedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentishasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceabouttheimmediatelyonreturningtothehive
24、.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.discoveries.Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;r
25、atherthanbyinstinct).ratherthanbyinstinct).n nAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,beeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbe
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