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1、英语口译教程英语口译教程Lecture Two:An Overview(contd)Teaching ObjectivenBy getting students familiar with the theories and background knowledge and the basic skills of interpreting,this course aims to facilitate the students with interpreting procedure and basic skills and strategies,such as:memory training、no
2、te-taking、oral presentation and public speaking skills etc.,to arise students awareness of current affairs and background knowledge,to cultivate their ability of discourse analysis,logical thinking,cross-cultural communication and interpretation both from English to Chinese and vise versa.n口译定义:口译定义
3、:definitionn“口译是一种通过口头表达形式,将所听到(间或口译是一种通过口头表达形式,将所听到(间或读到)的信息读到)的信息准确而又快速准确而又快速地由一种语言转换成另地由一种语言转换成另一种语言,进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际一种语言,进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为,是人类在跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖行为,是人类在跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言交际工具。的一种基本的语言交际工具。”(教材教材P5)n口译是指口译是指“对口头表达的信息及文本进行的口头翻对口头表达的信息及文本进行的口头翻译译”(Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:82)Int
4、erpretation:An OverviewnIt is defined as oral translation of a written text(Shuttleworth&Cowie:1997:83).nInterpreting is a service activity with a communication function.(Gile)It is usually a face-to-face communicative act.nDifferences between interpretation and translation nthe difference in the me
5、diumnthe difference in the time limitnThe key skill of a very good translator is the ability to write well,professional translators almost always work in only one direction,translating only into their native language,using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials,nAn interpreter,on the
6、 other hand,has to be able to translate in both directions,without the use of any dictionaries on the spot.Types of interpretingnByforms:n交替口译(alternatinginterpretation)n接续口译(consecutiveinterpretation)n同声传译(simultaneousinterpretation)n耳语口译(whisperinginterpretation)n视阅口译(sightinterpretation)nByways:n
7、单向口译(one-wayinterpretation)n双向口译(two-wayinterpretation)nBycontents:n导游口译(guideinterpretation)n礼仪口译(ceremonyinterpretation)n宣传口译(informationinterpretation)n会议口译(conferenceinterpretation)n谈判口译(negotiationinterpretation)口译使用的语体n口语语体口语语体nQ:Dear Michael,who taught you how to play golf and do you still us
8、e a coach?nA:A lot of people helped teach memostly my buddies at the UNC while I was in school.I occasionally use a PRO to advise me on improving-but no one regular.Ive come to realize that Im just a hack-so now I am enjoying just playing without a lot of coaching.n问:亲爱的迈克尔,谁教你打高尔夫球,你现在还有教练吗?n答:有许多人
9、教过我多数是我在北卡罗来纳大学时的老同学.偶尔会请个职业教练帮帮我,但不经常.我已经渐渐认识到我不过是随便玩玩而已.所以现在更不想要教练,就自己玩.n较正式语体nQ:WomenintheUnitedStatesgenerallylivelongerthanmen.Butinrecentyearsthatgaphasbeennarrowingabit.Howhasthataffectedthelifeinsurancebusiness?nA:Itisnotnarrowingthatmuch,thankgoodnessWearestilloutlivingmen,wearestill.Wehave
10、quiteagaponthem,stillabout7-8years.Theonlyreasonitsnarrowingiswomenaredoingthingstothemselvesthattheyshouldntbedoing,likesmoking,andallthosebadhabitsthatmenhavehadformanyyears.Butitisnotnarrowingforotherreasons.n问:在美国,一般来说妇女比男人更长寿,但是近年来差距在缩小.这对人寿保险业有什么影响?n答:感谢上帝,差距并没有缩小多少.我们还是比男人寿命长.我们和他们的寿命有很大差距,大约
11、仍有七、八年的差距。差距缩小的唯一原因是妇女们做那些不该做的事情,如吸烟以及男人们很久以来就有的一些坏习惯。除此以外没有别的原因。n正式语体nIwishtothankyou,Mr.Premier,foracceptingmyinvitationtoshareyoureveningwithmycolleaguesandme,andforhonoringCanadawithyourpresence.ThesehavebeenverypleasantdaysinPeking,andImhappythatthisphaseofmyvisitshouldconcludeinsuchacongeniala
12、tmosphere.n总理先生,感谢您今晚应邀来同我和我的同事们欢聚一堂。您的光临使加拿大感到荣幸。在北京的这些日子是令人愉快的,而且使我感到高兴的是,我访问途径的这一站能够在如此意气相投的气氛中结束。口语与口译 1译入语TL口语是口译的基础。2口译的规范化,摒弃口语中的亲昵语、方言、俗语、过激语言,口译要“宁缺毋滥”,求实为信、流利为达、动听为雅。3.中国目前的口译教学常常被认为是:口头表述的笔译教学 口译证书市场教育部MOENAETI人事部MOPCATTI“长三角”(含本省)上海DOLLAR-VALUEListening;ListeningandTranslation;Reading北外B
13、FSU广外GFSU上外(SHISU)高级翻译学院GITI浙大翻译学院ITS 口译人员行为准则 Code of Conduct for Public Service Interpreters in Britain1.INTRODUCTIONPublicServiceInterpretersareexpectedtoabidebytheCodeofConducttowhichtheyaresignatories.ThestandardsintheCodesetaframeworkforinterpretinginthepublicservices,upheldifnecessarybyprofes
14、sionalandimpartialdisciplinaryprocedures.TheobjectiveofthecodeofConductistomakesurethatcommunicationacrosslanguageandcultureiscarriedoutconsistently,competentlyandimpartially,andthatallthoseinvolvedintheprocessareclearaboutwhatmaybeexpectedfromit.ThisCodeofConductisregisteredwiththeOfficeofFairTradi
15、ng(RegistrationNo.RMS/2151)2.COMPETENCEInterpreters admitted to the register areexpectedto:2.1haveawrittenandspokencommandofbothlanguages,includinganyspecialistterminology,currentidiomsanddialects;2.2understand the relevant procedures of theparticulardisciplineinwhichtheyareworking;2.3maintain and d
16、evelop their written andspoken command of English and the otherlanguage;2.4befamiliarwiththeculturalbackgroundsofbothparties.3.PROCEDUREInterpreterswill3.1interprettrulyandfaithfullywhatissaid,withoutanythingbeingadded,omittedorchanged;inexceptionalcircumstancesasummarymaybegivenifrequested,andconse
17、ntedtobybothparties;3.2discloseanydifficultiesencounteredwithdialectsortechnicalterms,andifthesecannotbesatisfactorilyremedied,withdrawfromtheassignment;3.3notenterintothediscussion,giveadviceorexpressopinionsorreactionstoanyoftheparties;3.4interveneonly3.4.1toaskforclarification3.4.2topointoutthata
18、partymaynothaveunderstoodsomething3.4.3toalertthepartiestoapossiblemissedculturalinference3.4.4toaskforaccommodationfortheinterpretingprocess3.5notdelegatework,noracceptdelegatedwork,withouttheconsentoftheclient;3.6bereliableandpunctualatalltimes;3.7muststate(inacriminaltrial)iftheyhavebeeninvolvedi
19、ninterpretingatthepolicestationonthesamecase.4.ETHICALANDPROFESSIONALISSUESInterpreterswill4.1respectconfidentiallyatalltimesandnotseek to take advantage of any informationdisclosedduringtheirwork;4.2 act in an impartial and professionalmanner;4.3notdiscriminateagainstparties,eitherdirectlyorindirec
20、tly,onthegroundsofrace,color,ethnicorigin,age,nationality,religion,genderordisability;4.4 disclose any information,including anycriminal record,which may make themunsuitableinanyparticularcase;4.5discloseimmediatelyiftheintervieweeorimmediatefamilyisknownorrelated;4.6discloseanybusiness,financial,fa
21、milyorother interest which they might have in thematterbeinghandled;4.7notacceptanyformofreward,whetherincashorotherwise,forinterpretingworkotherthanpaymentbytheemployer.Qualifications of a good interpreter:nAgoodinterpreterisrequiredtohavea high level of linguistic competence,wide general knowledge
22、,sufficient subject-specific knowledge,andnecessarycross-cultural awarenessaswellasa good mastery of interpreting skills,suchasnote-takingtechniques,theabilitytoabstractandparaphrase,theartofpublicspeakingand a good memory.nKnowledgeofthegeneralsubjectofthespeechesthataretobeinterpreted.nGeneralerud
23、itionandintimatefamiliaritywithbothcultures.nExtensivevocabularyinbothlanguages.nAbilitytoexpressthoughtsclearlyandconciselyinbothlanguages.nAgoodmasteringofinterpretingskillsnAgoodmemory.nAstrongsenseofresponsibilitynAsolidfoundationoftwolanguagesnProfoundknowledgenGoodmemorynQuickthinkingnOutstand
24、ingabilityofunderstandingnFluentexpressionofideasInterpreters knowledge structure nKI=KL+EK+S(P+AP)译员应该掌握的知识译员应该掌握的知识 =双语知识双语知识+百科知识百科知识 +技技能能(职业口译技能职业口译技能 +艺术表达技能艺术表达技能 )n KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpretern KL=Knowledge for language nEK=Encyclopedic Knowledge nS(P+AP)=Professional Interpreti
25、ng Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills Linguistic Theories of Interpretation 达尼卡达尼卡.塞莱丝柯维奇(塞莱丝柯维奇(Danica Seleskovitch)教授教授于于20世纪世纪60年代后期创立的释意派理论,首先是一种年代后期创立的释意派理论,首先是一种口译理论,该理论的出发点和角度与传统的语言学派口译理论,该理论的出发点和角度与传统的语言学派翻译理论完全不同,翻译理论完全不同,“其基本要点是严格区分语言与其基本要点是严格区分语言与话语的相对独立作用和相互关系,区分翻译过程中的话语的相对独立作用和相互关系
26、,区分翻译过程中的已知内容和未知内容之间的关系已知内容和未知内容之间的关系”(方梦之,(方梦之,2004:39)。释意派理论认为翻译是解释性的,它强调释意)。释意派理论认为翻译是解释性的,它强调释意的准确性,而不苛求两种语言符号的对等。塞莱丝柯的准确性,而不苛求两种语言符号的对等。塞莱丝柯维奇教授认为维奇教授认为“The approach also focuses on the mental and cognitive processes involved in interpreting,which is seen as comprising the three stages of inter
27、pretation(理解)理解),de-verbalization(脱离源语外壳)脱离源语外壳)and reformulation(重新表达)重新表达)”(Seleskovitch,1977)。)。另另一一位位法法国国翻翻译译理理论论研研究究家家玛玛丽丽安安娜娜.勒勒代代雷雷Marianna Marianna LedererLederer指指出出,“口口语语转转瞬瞬即即逝逝,含含义义与与有有声声语语言言一一同同消消失失,但但是是意意义义却却存存留留在在听听话话人人的的记记忆忆中中”,所所以以人人在在翻翻译译转转瞬瞬即即逝逝的的口口语语时时,必必须须经经历历脱脱离离源源语语外外壳壳的的过过程程,
28、才才能能最最终终把把完完整整的的源源语语意意义义用用目目的的语语表表达达出出来。来。linguistic theories of interpretation nDanielGile:nC=KL(knowledgeforlanguage)+ELK(extra-linguisticknowledge)+A(analysis)意义意义TLSL阐述阐述(逻辑分析逻辑分析)翻译翻译代码转译代码转译*源语经过大脑一系列活动总结源语经过大脑一系列活动总结 出意义再转变成目的语出意义再转变成目的语n安德逊(安德逊(J.R.ANDERSONJ.R.ANDERSON)n(思想)思维构建阶段:把握(思想)思维构建
29、阶段:把握SLSL意义,整体理意义,整体理解解n(形式)思维转换阶段:将(形式)思维转换阶段:将SLSL意义转换成意义转换成TLTL形形式,寻求对应式,寻求对应n(表达)思维外化阶段:将(表达)思维外化阶段:将TLTL形式表现为翻译形式表现为翻译行为,操控译文行为,操控译文n厦大模式:以技巧训练为中心,语言训练、厦大模式:以技巧训练为中心,语言训练、知识习得、跨文化交际能力为辅助知识习得、跨文化交际能力为辅助A(D+CC)R(TL+K)C(SL+K)IS+PnI=InterpretingnA(D+CC)=Analysisindiscourse+Cross-culturalcommunication,对语篇与跨文化交际成分的分析nC(SL+K)=Comprehensioninsourcelanguage+knowledge,对源语及源语外知识的理解nR(TL+K)=Reconstructionintargetlanguage+knowledge,对源语的知识与语言进行理解,用口译技巧重组nS+P=Skills+Professionalstandard,应用的口译技巧与口译职业准则
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