世界历史—工业时代的生活英文版.ppt
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1、Chapter 22,SectionChapter 22Life in the Industrial Age(18001914)Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ.All rights reserved.World History:Connection to Today World History:Connection to Today Chapter 22,SectionCopyright 2003 by Pearson Education,Inc
2、.,publishing as Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ.All rights reserved.Chapter 22:Life in the Industrial Age(18001914)Section 1:The Industrial Revolution SpreadsSection 2:The World of CitiesSection 3:Changing Attitudes and ValuesSection 4:A New CultureWorld History:Connection to Today World History
3、:Connection to Today Chapter 22,SectionThe Industrial Revolution SpreadsThe Industrial Revolution SpreadsWhat industrial powers emerged in the 1800s?What impact did new technology have on industry,transportation,and communication?How did big business emerge in the late 1800s?1Chapter 22,SectionNew I
4、ndustrial PowersNew Industrial PowersBelgium became the first European nation outside Britain to industrialize.Germany united into a powerful nation in 1871.Within a few decades,it became Europes leading industrial power.The United States made rapid technological advances,especially after the Civil
5、War.By 1900,American industry led the world in production.Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868.Canada,New Zealand,and Australia built thriving industries.Eastern and southern Europe industrialized more slowly.These nations lacked natural resources or the capital to invest.During the early Industr
6、ial Revolution,Britain stood alone as the worlds industrial giant.By the mid-1800s,other nations had joined the race,and several newcomers were challenging Britains industrial supremacy.1Chapter 22,SectionCenters of IndustryCenters of Industry1Chapter 22,SectionTechnology and Industry Technology and
7、 Industry Alessandro Volta developed the first battery.Michael Faraday created the first electric motor and the first dynamo,a machine that generates electricity.Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb.Chemists created hundreds of new products.New chemical fertilizers led to increased food
8、production.Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.Henry Bessemer developed a process to produce stronger steel.Steel quickly became the major material used in tools,bridges,and railroads.ELECTRICITYCHEMICALSSTEELThe marriage of science,technology,and industry spurred economic growth.To improve efficiency,ma
9、nufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts.They also introduced the assembly line.1Chapter 22,SectionAdvances in Transportation and CommunicationAdvances in Transportation and Communication TRANSPORTATIONSteamships replaced sailing ships.Rail lines connected inland cities and seaports,
10、mining regions and industrial centers.Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.Karl Benz patented the first automobile.Henry Ford began mass producing cars.Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew the first airplane.COMMUNICATIONSamuel Morse developed the telegraph.Ale
11、xander Graham Bell patented the telephone.Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.During the second Industrial Revolution,transportation and communication were transformed by technology.1Chapter 22,SectionThe Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big BusinessNew technologies required the investment of large
12、amounts of money.To obtain capital,entrepreneurs sold stock,or shares in their companies,to investors.Large-scale companies formed corporations,businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts,huge corporate structures that c
13、ontrolled entire industries or areas of the economy.Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces and formed a cartel,an association to fix prices,set production quotas,or control markets.1Chapter 22,SectionWhich of the following areas was the slowest to industrialize?a)the United States b)Japan c)E
14、astern Europe d)AustraliaWhat did Henry Bessemer invent?a)the light bulb b)the battery c)the combustion engine d)a process to produce stronger steelWant to connect to the World History link for this section?Click Here.Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment1Chapter 22,SectionSection 1 AssessmentSec
15、tion 1 Assessment1Which of the following areas was the slowest to industrialize?a)the United States b)Japan c)Eastern Europe d)AustraliaWhat did Henry Bessemer invent?a)the light bulb b)the battery c)the combustion engine d)a process to produce stronger steelWant to connect to the World History link
16、 for this section?Click Here.Chapter 22,SectionThe World of CitiesThe World of CitiesWhat was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s?How had cities changed by 1900?How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?2Chapter 22,SectionPopulation ExplosionPopulation Expl
17、osionBetween 1800 and 1900,the population of Europe more than doubled.This rapid growth was not due to larger families.Instead,population soared because the death rate fell.The drop in the death rate can be attributed to the following:People ate better.Medical knowledge increased.Public sanitation i
18、mproved.Hygiene improved.2YearMaleFemale185040.3 years42.8 years187042.3 years44.7 years189045.8 years48.5 years191052.7 years56.0 yearsChapter 22,SectionAdvances in MedicineAdvances in MedicineJOSEPH LISTER discovered how antiseptic prevented infection.FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE insisted on better hygien
19、e in wartime field hospitals,introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals,and founded the worlds first nursing school.ROBERT KOCH identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis.LOUIS PASTEUR proved the link between microbes and disease,developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax,and discove
20、red the process of pasteurization,the killing of disease-carrying microbes in milk.Improved medicine and hygiene played a major role in increasing life expectancy in the industrialized world.2Chapter 22,SectionCity LifeCity LifeSettlement patterns shifted:the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on
21、the outskirts of the city,while the poor crowded into slums near the city center.Paved streets,gas lamps,organized police forces,and expanded fire protection made cities safer and more livable.Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel.Sewage systems improved public health.As indust
22、rialization progressed,cities came to dominate the West.At the same time,city life underwent dramatic changes.2Chapter 22,SectionWorking-Class StrugglesWorking-Class StrugglesWorkers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life.At first,business owners tried to silence protesters,str
23、ikes and unions were illegal,and demonstrations were crushed.By mid-century,workers slowly began to make progress:Workers formed mutual-aid societies,self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers.Workers won the right to organize unions.Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions.Govern
24、ments established old-age pensions and disability insurance.The standard of living improved.2Chapter 22,SectionThe Industrial Revolution:Cause and EffectThe Industrial Revolution:Cause and Effect2CausesIncreased agricultural productivityGrowing populationNew sources of energy,such as steam and coalG
25、rowing demand for textiles and other mass-produced goodsImproved technologyAvailable natural resources,labor,and moneyStrong,stable governments that promoted economic growthImmediate EffectsRise of factoriesChanges in transportation and communicationUrbanizationNew methods of production Rise of urba
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