农业产业化与发展中国家的农业.ppt
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1、农业农业产业化产业化与与发展中国家的发展中国家的农业农业食物食物系统系统发展经济学发展经济学石石敏俊敏俊资源环境学院资源环境学院农业农业产业化与农业产业化与农业食物食物系统系统Experience of North America:What is agricultural industrialization?Why industrialization?What are the consequences of industrialization?Developing country:Concept and determinants of industrialization-in case of
2、ChinaPolicy effects of industrialization-in case of ChinaVertical coordination and rural organizationExperience of North AmericaSome sectors of the agriculture industry,such as poultry and pork have evolved into a food production system.A primary characteristic of a production system is that the rel
3、ationships among input suppliers,producers/farmers,commodity buyers,food processors,and food distributors have grown closer.Experience of North AmericaThe closer relationships among businesses in the food production system have taken several forms,such as vertical integration,production contracts,st
4、rategic alliance,farmer-owned processing cooperatives.Like some of the strategies already described,these arrangements have characteristics of both vertical integration(common ownership)and vertical coordination(contractual relationships).What is agricultural industrialization(Saxowsky 1998)Such a p
5、rocess of structural change towards vertical integration or vertical coordination is called industrialization of agriculture.What is industrialization of agriculture?Industrialization of agriculture is people adopting business strategies to shift the farm business away from perfect market and to sel
6、l into a market with imperfect competition.Concept of agricultural industrialization(Reardon and Barrett 2000)the growth of agro-processing,distribution,and farm-input provision activities off-farm(agro-industrial firms);institutional and organizational change in the relation between agro-industrial
7、 firms and farms,such as increasing vertical coordination;concomitant changes in the farm sector,such as changes in product composition,technology,and sectoral and market structureWhy industrializationIndustrialization of agriculture is occurring because integrated ownership or production contracts
8、often offer the opportunities for coordinated operation and controlled breeding and feeding useful to produce a standardized steady stream of the right quality of output at the right time at the right place at the right price(Tweeten 1998).Determinants of industrializationChanging consumer demand is
9、 considered as the primary driven force of industrialization.Someone argued that industrialization is directly driven by profit opportunities associated with technological innovation and relies on management decision-making of agribusiness firms to respond to changing consumer demand.(Royer and Roge
10、rs 1998)Determinants of industrialization from producers sideOn the other hand,the reasons that farmers adopted these strategies may be considered that farmers believe other sector of the agriculture industry offer new opportunities to earn additional profit,so they attempt to become involved in the
11、m without discontinuing their farm business(Saxowsky 1998).What consequences of industrializationIndustrialization can result in lower production cost and consumer prices,then improve consumer welfare(Martinez 2000).Meanwhile,industrialization of agriculture impacts farmers,agribusiness firms,and ru
12、ral residents.For example,industrialization offers farmers an opportunity to increase earning through a higher-valued differentiated product,rather than focusing only on lowering production cost.Beneficiary/Loser of industrializationSome case studies showed that industrialization in developing count
13、ry has impacts on rural development(Reardon and Barrett 2000).Some persons will benefit from industrialization while others will be adversely affected.It is an important issue for policy maker to get an understanding on who will be beneficiary and who will be loser?Industrialization in developing co
14、untryGlobalization,market-oriented reformIncome increase,urbanization and consumer demand changeProduct differentiation and market segmentationCompetition and structure changeRural development and farm income What causes agricultural industrializationWhat causes agricultural industrialization 1 Meta
15、-Trends1.Income and population growth2.Urbanizationand femaleemployment3.Politicaleconomy change(capitalism)4.Modern technology(IT,Biotech)2Global Agri-foodEconomy Changes1.Globalizationand liberalization2.Organizational/institutionalchange(verticalcoordination)3.Technologicalchange(biotech,IT)3Deve
16、loping Country Agro-industries1.Increase in scaleand concentration(spatial,sectoral,firm)2.Product/subsectorcomposition change(horticulture,processed retail)3.Extroversion of markets andownership(multi-nationalized)4.Increase use of coordination 4 Development Indicators1.Growth in income andoutput p
17、er capita2.Changes in poverty andinequality3.Employmentand real wage4.Natural resourcedegradation5.Socioculturaleffects中国中国农业产业化的展开农业产业化的展开山东省:先驱者舆论宣传各地普及政策推进中国中国农业产业化的现状农业产业化的现状农业产业化的基本理念农业产业化的基本理念:Reardon and Barrett(1)(1)农产品农产品加工加工流通流通及生产资材部门的增及生产资材部门的增长长(2)(2)以纵向以纵向协调为特征的协调为特征的AgribusinessAgribu
18、siness企业企业与生产农户之间关系的与生产农户之间关系的制度制度上的上的组织组织上上的的变化变化(3)(3)农业农业生产结构的变化生产结构的变化,例如例如,作物种植,作物种植结构结构,栽培技术栽培技术,投入投入资材构成资材构成中国中国农业产业化的主要观点农业产业化的主要观点牛若峰牛若峰 1997 1997:农业的市场化农业的市场化,一体化一体化,专业化,专业化万宝瑞万宝瑞 2000 2000:农业的市场化农业的市场化,一体化,一体化 陈陈吉元吉元 1997 1997:农业的市场化农业的市场化,社会化,社会化,集约集约化化 严严瑞珍瑞珍 1997 1997:农业的市场化农业的市场化,社会化,
19、社会化,一体化一体化张张照照新新 19981998:农农业业的的专专业业化化,农农业业关关联联产产业业,一体化一体化 中国中国农业产业化的理念农业产业化的理念第第,农业经营的市场化农业经营的市场化根据市场需求、组织市场导向型的农业根据市场需求、组织市场导向型的农业生产生产。第第,生产生产加工加工流通流通的纵向协调的纵向协调农产品交易关系从一次性交易向纵向协农产品交易关系从一次性交易向纵向协调转换调转换。第第,农业生产结构调整农业生产结构调整强调农业生产的区域化、专业化强调农业生产的区域化、专业化农业产业化的理念农业产业化的理念:中国中国与北美的比较与北美的比较相同点相同点:以纵向协调为特征的农
20、户与以纵向协调为特征的农户与AgribusinessAgribusiness企业之间交易关系的组织企业之间交易关系的组织的的制度制度的的变化变化不同点不同点中国中国:强调市场化强调市场化(从计划经济向市场经济从计划经济向市场经济转换转换)与区域化与区域化北北美美:上游上游下游产业的增长与非农化下游产业的增长与非农化,随随着纵向协调的农业结构变化着纵向协调的农业结构变化农业产业化的动因农业产业化的动因:文献综述文献综述为为了了增增加加农农民民收收入入追追求求外外部部规规模模经经济济,克克服服不不完完全全市市场场的的制制度度变变化化(牛牛若若峰峰 1997)农农产产品品需需求求,农农产产品品特特点
21、点,技技术术特特点点,龙头龙头企业企业(邵秉仁邵秉仁 2000)全全球球化化带带来来的的竞竞争争压压力力,需需求求的的变变化化(Reardon and Barrett 2000)为何区域之间部门之间不平衡?什么条件下纵向协调?有必要对农产品食品市场进行产业组织论分析农产品农产品食品食品消费的推移消费的推移畜产品畜产品水产品消费增加水产品消费增加,谷物消费减少谷物消费减少加工食品加工食品在在外外饮食消费的增长饮食消费的增长与农产品原料相比,加工食品在外饮食消费的增长更快食品消费高级食品消费高级化化多样化多样化周年化周年化食品消费从量到质的转换(池上 1995)蔬菜谷物消费向精细蔬菜,精细谷物转化
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