(1.1.1)--1.0GeneralIntroduction.pdf
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1、Thermal Physics热热 学学 thermal physics:A theory that studies the thermal motion of matter and the laws associated with it.thermodynamicsstatistic physicsThermodynamics verifies statistical physics,which reveals the essence of thermodynamics1.Brief history of development in thermology Early development
2、 in thermal science Men drilled wood for fire in ancient times In Ancient Greece(611-430 BC),there was a Four-Element thoery that held all things are composed of earth,water,fire and air in different proportions.The theory of the Five Elements in the Yin and Shang Dynasties of China shows that gold,
3、wood,water,fire and earth are the five basic elements that make up all living things in the world.Brief history of the development in thermometry Galileo thermometer(16th century)By taking advantage of the properties of air expansion and contraction,the first human air thermometer was made,which mar
4、ked the beginning of the research to quantify how hot or cold an object is,known as thermometry.In 1714,Dutch worker Whalenheit was the first to use mercury instead of alcohol and established the Fahrenheit scale.The mixture of salt water and ice was used as the reference point(0F),and the freezing
5、point of water(32F)and boiling point of water(212F)were used as the fixed reference points.In 1742,Perseus of Sweden established the Celsius scale by defining the boiling point of water as zero and the melting point of ice as 100 degrees.In 1749,the reference point and fixed reference point of the s
6、cale were reversed by Schlemmer,Perseus assistant.In 1854,Lord Kelvin(formerly known as William Thomson,1824-1907)established a thermodynamic temperature scale independent of the properties of working medium according to Carnots theorem,namely,the Kelvin temperature scale,and proposed to use a defin
7、ition point.The establishment of Kelvin scale has established a relationship between thermometry and the basic laws of thermodynamics,which is an important development of thermometry.A brief history of the development in thermodynamics Watts early steam engineIn 1769,James Watt,an English mechanic,i
8、mproved the steam engine and added a condenser,which provided a continuous and powerful source of serviceable power and promoted the rapid development of the mining and textile industries.Steamship in 1807Trains(England,1825)In 1807,the engine was applied to ships by an American named Fulton.In 1825
9、,the engine was used in trains and railways.The earliest automobile in 1892To further increase productivity,the first type of perpetual motion machine was devised,and in 1755 it was concluded that this could not be done,creating the conditions for the establishment of the first law of thermodynamics
10、.In 1760-70,the British physicist Black put forward the heat-and mass theory,believing that thermal-mass is a diffuse,subtle,invisible fluid that can neither be created nor destroyed.This metaphysical philosophy dominated people for hundreds of years.In 1798,Rumfords famous experiment on heat genera
11、tion through boring holes in the barrel of a gun,and Davids experiment on the friction and melting of ice in 1799,strongly refuted the theory of heat and mass,pointing out that heat is a mode of motion,not a mysterious and ubiquitous substance.In 1842,Robert Mayer came up with Mayers formula based o
12、n the available data of calorimetry.The thermal energy equivalent relationship was obtained.It laid a reliable foundation for the establishment of the first law of thermodynamics.In 1847,Hermannvon Helmholtz used different methods to prove the conversion relationship between various forms of energy
13、and work.From 1840 to 1850,James Prescott Joule conducted a large number of experiments of thermal energy equivalent,verified the energy relationship of many processes,and made the law of energy conversion and conservation the most universal law in physics,which promoted the development of the whole
14、 physics.Joule thermal equivalent experimentfirst law of thermodynamicsIs there a limit to the work done by heat?In 1824,French engineer Carnot put forward the famous Carnots theorem,and pointed out the condition of thermal work conversion and the maximum theoretical limit of thermal efficiency,whic
15、h laid a foundation for the establishment of the second law of thermodynamics.In 1851,Kelvin put forward the following second law of thermodynamics on the basis of Carnots theorem:It is impossible to absorb heat from a single source and completely convert it into work without causing other effects.I
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- 1.1 1.0 GeneralIntroduction
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