(精品)Chapter12HelpingBehavior.ppt
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1、Chapter 12 Helping Behavior(助人行为)Altruism(利他主义)is performing acts voluntarily to help someone else when there is no expectation of a reward in any form,except perhaps a feeling of having done a good deed自愿履行行动去帮助他人而不期待任何形式的回报,除了可能感觉到做了件好事).Prosocial behavior(亲社会行为)is any act that helps or is designe
2、d to help others,regardless of the helpers motives(任何帮助或计划帮助他人的行动,不管帮助者的动机).Prosocial behavior ranges over a continuum from the most selfless acts of altruism to helpful acts that are motivated entirely by self-interest(亲社会行为范围是从最无私的利他主义行动到完全由自我利益驱动的帮助行动).Main contents1.助人行为的理论解释.2.助人者的特征(什么样的人成为助人者
3、).3.旁观者现象及其原因;影响助人的其他因素.4.志愿精神的动机.5.受助者的特点与反应.Key termsAltruism(利他主义);prosocial behavior(亲社会行为);survival value(生存价值);self-preservation(自我保存);Organizational citizenship behavior(组织公民行为)I.Theoretical perspective on helping(助人行为的理论)1.Evolutionary perspective(进化视角):1)Helping and sacrificing for each oth
4、er is universal within species,which runs counter to the principle that the fittest survive.(帮助和为彼此牺牲在一个物种之内很普遍,这与适者生存背道而驰)2)Animals instinct is to pass along their genes to the next generation(动物的本能是将基因传递给下一代).Helping others can ensure animals to pass on their genes to the next generation,and thus
5、has the highest survival value for a specie,but not for the individual.3)Some predictions based on evolutionary theory are confirmed(有些基于基于进化理论的预测被证实).4)It is doubtful when used to explain human behaviors(解释人类行为时值得怀疑).I.Theoretical perspective on helping2.Sociocultural perspective(社会文化视角):1)Social e
6、volution(社会进化):the historical development of human culture(人类文化的历史发展).Human societies have gradually and selectively evolved skills and beliefs that promote the welfare of the group(人类社会逐渐和有选择地发展出一些技能和信念以改善群体福祉).Because prosocial behavior generally benefits society,it has become part of the social r
7、ules or norms.2)Norms relevant to helping behavior(与助人行为有关的规范):Norm of social responsibility:We should help others who depend on us.Norm of reciprocity:We should help those who help us.Norm of social justice:Unfairness is uneasy for each person.When unfairness happens,people possible do something to
8、 help the less fortunate.I.Theoretical perspective on helping3.Learning perspective(学习理论视角):1)People learn social norms about helping and may also develop habits of helpfulness.2)Learning to help through reinforcement the effects of rewards and punishments for helping:Some forms of praise may be mor
9、e effective:Dispositional praise is more effective than global praise.3)Learning to help through modeling by observing others who help.I.Theoretical perspective on helping4.Decision-making perspective(决策视角):to analyze helping under non-emergency situation.1)Perceiving a need:The crucial first step i
10、n any prosocial act is noticing that something is happening and deciding that help is required.2)Taking personal responsibility:Being trusted with,close relationship,and competence all may influence whether a person will take responsibility.3)Weighing the costs and benefits:Too much costs deter help
11、ing.4)Deciding how to help and taking action:I.Theoretical perspective on helping5.Attribution theory(归因理论):Helping those who deserve help(帮助值得帮助的人).Whether or not a person receives help depends in part on his or her behaviors merits(个人是否受到帮助部分程度取决于他的行为价值).How the potential helper makes inference ab
12、out the persons behavior makes differences(潜在的帮助者对他的行为的推论起作用).Perceived cause of the persons needEmotional reaction to the person in needWillingness to helpUncontrollable:something outside control Sympathy,pityThe person is perceived as deserving help.Controllable:something under controlAnger,irrita
13、tionThe person is perceived as not deserving help.II.Potential helpers features(潜在助人者的特征)1.Mood and helping(心境和帮助):1)Positive feeling increases the willingness to act prosocially.Mood-maintenance hypothesis(心境维持假设):People offer help to prolong their positive emotional state;“doing good”contributes t
14、o good mood.Being in a good mood leads people to have more positive thoughts.Limitations to the“feel-good”effect:The effect often lasts for a short time.When giving help would detract from the persons good mood,a good mood may actually decrease helpfulness.II.Potential helpers features1.Mood and hel
15、ping:2)The effects of bad moods on helping are more complicated(消极情绪对助人的影响是复杂的).If a person in a bad mood focus on self and own needs,it may lessen the likelihood of helping another person.Negative-state relief model(消极状态解除模型):People in a bad mood are motivated to try to relieve their own discomfort
16、.If an opportunity to help is perceived as a way to improve mood,the help is more likely to be offered.3)Helping can improve the helpers mood and self-evaluation.II.Potential helpers features2.Motives for helping(助人的动机):Helping from personal distress(由于个人痛苦的帮助):Personal distress means our own emotio
17、nal reactions to the plight of others(个人痛苦是我们对他人困境的情绪反应)our feelings of shock,horror,alarm,concern,or helplessness.People may provide help to relieve from personal distress(人们提供帮助以解除他们自己的痛苦).Helping from empathy(由于同理心的帮助):Empathy means feelings of sympathy and caring for others(同理心事对他人的同情、关照).Help m
18、ay be offered when a person focuses on the needs and emotions of the victim.There is no necessary connection between personal distress and offering assistance.Empathy more likely increases helping.II.Potential helpers features3.Personality characteristics(人格特征):no a single personality profile of the
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