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1、考研英语与北外高翻特刊2010年(考研英语开始分为试卷一和试卷二)试卷一:5 Textl: Light work - The Economist经济学人杂志,2009.06.04Being watched may not affect behaviour; after all总之,被盯着也许并不会影响人的行为6 Text4: Messenger, shot - The Economist经济学人杂志,2009.04.10Accounting rules are under attack. Standard-setters should defend them. Politicians and
2、banks should back off会计规则正在遭受攻击,标准制定者们应当捍卫它,政客与银行应当退开试卷二:8 Textl: Suspended animation - The Economist经济学人杂志,2009.11.26The art market has suffered from the recession, but globalisation should help it recover; say Fiammetta Rocco (interviewed here) and Sarah Thornton 艺术品市场受经济衰退冲击严重,但全球化有助其复苏,Fiammetta
3、 Rocco和Sarah16对错判断:Efficient aviation:V for victory The Economist经济学人杂志2009.12.03Copying birds may save aircraft fuel像鸟一样飞可能会节省燃油2008年:17完形填空The evolution of intelligence Natural genius?- The Economist经济学人杂志,2005.6.2The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past德系犹太
4、人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果21 Text 2 Scientific publishing The paperless library - Economist经济学人2005.9.22Free access to scientific results is changing research practices免费获取科研成果正在悄然改变研究方式2007年:7ext423 The leaky corporation - Economist经济学人杂志,2005.6.23.Firms are not protecting the data they hold. Their compla
5、cency may cost them dear公司没有保护好它们拥有的数据。它们可能会为其自满大意而付出高昂的代价经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)第3页2010年3月14日2006年:Text 326 Ocean s eleventh hour - Economist.经济学人杂志,2003.5.15Fish stocks are dropping rapidly. Predators are falling fastest鱼类资源迅速减少,大型猎食动物减速最快2005年:28 Text 1 Fair and Square - Economist.经济学人,2003.9.18Some m
6、onkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness 一些猴类似乎具有高度发达的公平意识29 Text 4 Talking Down - Economist经济学人,2004.1.29.2004年:31 Text 2 As easy as ZYX - Economist.经济学人杂志,2001.8.30It is time to stand up for the alphabetically disadvantaged 为受字母表顺序所困的弱势群体说话,此其时也2002年:33 Text 3 Oil s Pleasant Surpri
7、se - Economist.经济学人杂志,1999.11.27.It seems that oil-price shocks are less shocking than they used to be 看起来石油危机没有以往那般骇人2002年以来北外高翻选择经济学人的文章352010年北外高翻:Falling fertility - Economist经济学人杂志,2009.10.29.Astonishing falls in the fertility rate are bringing with them big benefits 生育率的大幅下降正在带来巨大的好处382006年:Ho
8、t under the collar-Economist经济学人杂志,2005.11.17.Britain has had an easy ride on cutting carbon emissions. Not any more 英国减排一向顺利到头咯412006年:Pricing Terror - Economist经济学人杂志,2005.11.17.Americas government still has a role to play in insuring against a big terrorist attack美国政府仍然在为大型恐怖袭击提供保险中扮演重要角色432006年:
9、A Tall Storey - Economist经济学人杂志,2005.11.17.London reaches for the starsand prepares for the next property boom 在伦敦可以登上高楼摘星星了下一波房地产繁荣即将到来452006年:Stop the world, we want to get off - Economist经济学人杂志,2005.11.17.Americans are growing warier and gloomier美国人愈发谨慎,愈发悲观472004年:Archbishop Major - Economist经济学
10、人杂志,2003.08.04.With the Anglican Communion on the verge of schism, canRowan Williams learn anything from John Major?圣公会分裂在即,罗万威廉姆斯是否能从约翰梅杰那里学到什么?经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)2010年3月14日第4页考研特刊ECONOMIST CHINA ORGANISATION HECO Weekly前言众所周知,历年英语考研阅读、完形真题均是选自西方主流报刊,而且这些选择的报刊也相对集中的。有人做过一个简单的统计,从01年到09年考研真题中,前几名分别是经
11、济学人(the Economist)8篇新闻周刊(Newsweek)3篇纽约时报(NY times)2篇时代周刊(Time)2篇。从中可以看出选自经济学人(The Economist)的文章几乎是另外三本书的总和。而在刚刚结束的2010年考研(英语分为试卷一和试卷二)中,共有四篇文章来自于经济学人。与以往不同的是,今年考研的文章均是非常新的文章,2010年1月9日举行的考研的四篇经济学人全部选自2009年的文章,甚至有一篇还是2009年12月3日的。当然,对于考研具有导向性作用的北外高翻考题也经常有选自经济学人的文章。这次我们经济学人中文网(www.ecocn.org)将2002年以来的历年考
12、研和北外高翻选自经济学人的文章全文中英对照版本做成一个PDF,以供大家参考!水平所限,肯定存在问题,希望大家给予指正(如有问题可以登录我们论坛 www.ecocn.org/bbs),当然,看经济学人绝不仅仅只是为了考研或者学习英语。作为全球报刊杂志的旗舰,经济学人文章所提供的观点与视野也非一般刊物可以比拟,阅读这本刊物从中必可获益良多。经济学人中文网经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)第5页2010年3月14日ECONOMIST CHINA ORGANISATIONECO Weekly考研特刊Questioning the Hawthorne effect 质疑Hawtorne(霍桑)”效应
13、Light work照明的作用Jun 4th 2009 From The Economist print edition Being watched may not affect behaviour, after all 总之,被盯着也许并不会影响人的行为WHEN Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant nea
14、r Chicago in 1924, it hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers, productivity. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changes subjects* behaviour.在1924年,当派出两名工程师到一个芝加
15、哥附近的大型电话机部件生产厂商Hawthorne工厂来指导一系列产业试验时,美国国家研究委员会(NRC)曾希望他们能够搞清楚工厂照明是如何对工人生产力产生影响的。这些研究以一个被他们命名为Hawthorne效应的结论结束,这个在当时十分具有影响力的结论告诉我们,仅仅是被实验就足以使实验客体的行为发生改变。The idea arose because of the perplexing behaviour of the women who assembled relays andwound coils of wire in the Hawthorne plant. According to ac
16、counts of the experiments, their hourlyoutput rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not matter what wasdone; so long as something was changed, productivity rose. An awareness that they were beingexperimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers* behaviour by itse
17、lf.此结论是从那些组装继电器和盘绕电线圈的产业妇女令人疑惑的行为中得出的。根据实验的记录,无论是加强还是减少照明,她们的每小时产出都会提高。无论做了什么;只要产生了变化,工人们的生产力就会提高。其实人们应该注意到:仅仅是被他人实验本身似乎就足以改变工人的行为。The data from the illumination experiments had never been rigorously analysed and were believedlost. But Steven Levitt and John List, two economists at the University of
18、 Chicago, discovered that thedata had survived the decades in two archives in Milwaukee and Boston, and decided to subject themto econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store for them. Contraryto the descriptions in the literature, they found no systematic evidence t
19、hat levels of productivity in thefactory rose whenever changes in lighting were implemented.这些从照明实验中得到的数据从没经过严谨地分析,并且被认为已经遗失了。但是来自芝加哥大学的两位经济学家Steven Levitt和John List发现这些数据在密尔沃基和波士顿的两个档案馆中保存了几十年,于是他们决定重新以对其进行计量经济分析。在Hawthorne实验中还有别的“惊喜”等着他们。他们发现没有系统的证据来说明只要对光照施以改变,工厂的生产力水品就有所提高,这与该实验的论文相矛盾。It turns o
20、ut that idiosyncrasies in the way the experiments were conducted may have led to misleading interpretations of what happened. For example, lighting was always changed on a Sunday,when the plant was closed. When it reopened on Monday, output duly rose compared with Saturday,the last working day befor
21、e the change, and continued to rise for the next couple of days. But acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always wentWorking hard? It mustbe Monday工作如此努力?这一定是星期一吧经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)2010年3月14日第6页up on Mondays. Workers tended to beaver away for the first
22、few days of the working week in any case,before hitting a plateau and then slackening off.这说明也许是实验所采取的古怪方式造成了人们对所发生的事情得出了错误的结论。比如说,每周日工厂关闭时照明都会有变化。所以当星期一复工时,产出按时比光照改变前的最后一个工作日(上周六)来得高,并会持续上升一些日子。但是当对没有进行实验的周进行数据对比时,他们发现产出也经常在周一时上升。无论情况如何,工人们每周前几天努力工作,随后达到一个顶峰,接着松懈起来。Another of the original observati
23、ons was that output fell when the trials ceased, suggesting that theact of experimentation caused increased productivity. But experimentation stopped in the summer,and it turns out from the records of production after the experiments that output tended to fall in thesummer anyway. Perhaps workers we
24、re just hot.另一原始观测得出:每当实验一停止,产出就会减少,这被认为是所进行的实验造成了生产力的提高。但是实验是在夏天停止的,而实验结束后的关于生产的记录说明产出在夏天都会下降。也许(这只是)因为工人们太热了。There is a suggestion in the data that productivity was more responsive to changes in artificialthan natural light. This could be interpreted as a subtler version of the Hawthorne effect, i
25、f you believethat workers were aware that changes in artificial light were induced by the experimenters, whereasnatural light was changing on its own. But even this evidence is weak. For something so influential andintuitively appealing, it turns out that the Hawthorne effect is remarkably hard to p
26、in down.实验数据反映,相比自然光,生产力的波动对人工照明更敏感。如果你相信工人们知道是实验者们在调整人工照明,而自然光是则是自发地改变,那么这种现象就可以被认为是Hawthorne效应的一个更微妙的版本。但是就算是这条证据也十分无力。作为一个如此具有影响力以及从直观上引人入胜的理论,Hawthorne效应却显得异常难以证实。(译者:bighumbug)Banks and accounting standards银行与会计准则Messenger, shot通风报信者,枪毙Apr 8th 2009 From The Economist print editionAccounting rul
27、es are under attack. Standard-setters should defend them. Politicians and banks should back off会计规则正在遭受攻击,标准制定者们应当捍卫它,政客与银行应当退开IN PUBLIC, bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rule
28、s, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers andregulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks* lobbyingnow seems to be working. The details ma
29、y be arcane, but theindependence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is beingcompromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the bankingsystem will be difficult.台面上,银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于自身;台面下,他们一直把目标对准他人:会计准则的制定者。银行业ECONOMIS
30、TCHINAORGANISATIONECOWeekly考研特刊经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)第7页2010年3月14日ECONOMISTCHINAORGANISATIONECOWeekly特别报道考研特刊ECONOMIST CHINA ORGANISATION ECO Weekly抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失,认为这些会计准则不公平。规则规定他们必须以第三方付出价格来评估部分资产的价值,而非按照银行管理者和监管者期望该资产能够获得的价格。不幸的是,银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知,但是准则制定者在独立性方面这正是资产市场正常运行的关键已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能够吸
31、引买家的价格计量有毒资产,银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。On April 2nd, after a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting StandardsBoard (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to valueilliquid assets and more flexibility in recognising losses on long-term assets in th
32、eir income statements.Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, decried those who “impugn our motives*. Yet bank shares rose and thechanges enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by managements4月2日,美国FASB (财务会计准则委员会)在与国会激烈摩擦之后,匆匆通过了规则的修改。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资方面用有更大的自由,同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产
33、损失时更为灵活。FASB主席Bob Herz (鲍伯赫茨)对那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们提出谴责。然而银行股价上涨了,这些修改也使得被一个游说团体漂亮地称为“管理层自由衡量”的现象更加明显。European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to be “piecemeal”, but the pressure to fold whenit completes its ov
34、erhaul of rules later this year is strong. On April 1st Charlie McCreevy, a Europeancommissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum but in the real world” andthat Europe could yet develop different rules.欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想变得“支离破碎”,但试图让它在今年下半年完成规则修订时屈服的压
35、力十分巨大。4月1日,欧盟委员会委员 Charlie McCreevy 警告 IASB 说:它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”,并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Todaythey argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity ofmarkets, no
36、t the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks/ shares tradebelow their book value, suggesting that investors are sceptical. And dead markets partly reflect theparalysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all t
37、hosesupposed bargains.是银行呆错了星球,它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。现在他们认为市价高估了损失,因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足,而非坏账的可能范围。几年中没人会知道真相。但是,银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易,这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行既不希望承受账面损失而出售资产,也不愿意去购买这些被认为是便宜货的资产。To get the system working again, losses must be recognised and dealt with. Japans procrastinationprolonged it
38、s crisis. America/s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assetsto levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combativestandard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options andpensions, for e
39、xample, against hostility from special interests. But by appeasing critics now they areinviting pressure to make more concessions.为了让银行系统重:新运转起来,损失必须被确认和处理。日本的拖延使得它的危机持续了更长时间。美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的,甚至是积极主动的标准制定者。FASB和IASB以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的,例如改进股权和年金的相关规则。然而此次为了缓和危机,他们给自己带来了
40、做出更多妥协的压力。经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)2010年3月14日第8页To reveal, but not to regulate披露,而非监管Standard-setters should defuse the argument by making clear that their job is not to regulate banksbut to force them to reveal information. The banks, their capital-adequacy regulators and politiciansseem to dream of a sin
41、gle, grown-up version of the truth, which enhances financial stability. Investorsand accountants, however, think all valuations are subjective, doubt managers* motives and judgethat market prices are the least-bad option. They are right. A banks solvency is a matter of judgmentfor its regulators and
42、 for investors, not whatever a piece of paper signed by its auditors says it is.Accounts can inform that decision, but not make it.标准制定者们应当通过表明他们的职责在于迫使银行披露信息而非监管他们来平息争论。银行,监管银行资本充与否的监管者们,以及政客们看来梦想着关于真实状况的一个统一,成熟的版本,这能够加强金融稳定。投资者与会计师们则认为所有估值都是主观的,他们怀疑管理者的动机,认为市价是最不坏的选择。后者是对的。一个银行的偿债能力取决于监管者和投资者的各自的判
43、断,而非审计人员签字的一纸报告所能解决。会计报表能够通知这种判断,而不是做出判断。Banks regulators have to take responsibility. If they want to remove the mechanical link betweendrops in market prices and capital shortfalls at banks, they should take the accounts that standardsetters create for investors and adjust them when they calculate
44、 capital. They already do this to somedegree. But the banks* campaign to change the rules is making inevitable a split between two sets ofaccounts, one for regulators and another for investors. The FASB and IASB can help regulators to createwhatever balance-sheet they want. But in doing so they must
45、 not compromise their duty to investors.银行监管者们必须承担起责任。如果他们想要切断市价下跌与银行资产不足间的联系,他们应当使用标准制定者为投资者设计的账目,计算资产时进行相应的调整。某种程度他们正在这样做。但是银行试图改变会计规则的行动正使得两种会计之间不可避免的产生了裂痕,一为监管者,一为投资者。FASB和 IASB可以帮助监管者设计出他们想要的任意的资产负债表。但银行这么做时不能在对投资者的负责上做出妥协。(译者:whynot821)A special report on the art market 艺术品市场特别报道 Suspended ani
46、mation 暂失生机 Nov 26th 2009 From The Economist print edition The art market has suffered from the recession, but globalisation should help it recover, say Fiammetta Rocco (interviewed here) and Sarah Thornton 艺术品市场受经济衰退冲击严重,但全球化有助其复苏,Fiammet ta Rocco和Sarah Thornton如是说THE longest bull run in a century
47、of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sothebys in London on September 15th 2008(see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than 70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.随着2008年9月15日在伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“我心中ECONOMIST CHINA ORGANISATIONECO Weekly考研特刊经济学人中文版特刊第2期(总特2期)第9页2010年3月14日的美丽永存”拍卖会上Damien Hirst的56件作品的出售,艺术品市场一个世纪以来的历史上最长的一次牛市期划
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