2.2 enlarge vocabulary.ppt
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1、HowtobuildupyourvocabularyHowdoyourememberthesewords?wdeterritorialization(20)wunpredictability(16)wnonconformist(13)wunprecedented(12)Vocabulary:wAllthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.wEnglishisoneoftheworldshighlydevelopedlanguages.Vocabulary:wShakespearesplays:120000wordswEnglishvocabularyiso
2、ver one million wordsTheImportanceofBuildingVocabularywEachwordyouaddtoyourvocabularymakesyouabetterreader,writer,speaker,andlistener.TheImportanceofBuildingVocabularywItwasdiscoveredthatbigincomesandbigvocabulariesgotogether.wVocabulary,morethananyotherfactoryetknown,predictsfinancialsuccess.Classi
3、ficationofVocabularywByusefrequency:basicwordstocknon-basicvocabulary;wBynotion:contentwordsfunctionalwordswBy the origins of the words:Native words Borrowed words NativeWordswNativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,theJutes,wknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.
4、Anglo-SaxonWordswAnglo-Saxonwordsaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,wTheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.BorrowedWordswWordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwords,orloanwords,orborrowings.wEnglishisaheavyborrowerandhasadoptedwordsfromal
5、lothermajorlanguagesoftheworld.wItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80%themodernEnglishvocabulary.ComparisonbetweenSynonymwNativeswordsareneitherformalnorinformalwBorrowedwordsfromFrenchorLatinareliteraryandlearned,thusappropriateinformalstyle.begin(E)commence(F)brotherly(E)fraternal(F)兄弟般的r
6、ise(E)mount(F)ascend(L)HistoricaloverviewoftheEnglishvocabularyOldEnglish(4501150)wDuringthistime,theGermanictribescalledAngles,Saxons,andJutescameingreatnumber.Soontheytookpermanentcontroloftheland,whichwastobecalledEngland(thelandofAngles).wAnglolandOldEnglish(4501150)wTheirlanguagebecamethemainla
7、nguageofthepeople.wNowpeoplegenerallyrefertoAnglo-SaxonasOldEnglish.wOldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000.MiddleEnglish(11501600)wOldEnglishbegantoundergoagreatchangewhentheNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066.wTheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.MiddleEnglish(11
8、501600)wEnglishweredefeatedbutnotkilledoff,norweretheydrivenfromtheircountry.Theywerereducedtothestatusofaninferiorpeople,suchasservant.wThoseinpowerspokeFrench:thosewhowereliteratereadandwroteFrench;thosewhocouldeducatetheirchildrentaughttheminFrench;anyyoungmanwhosoughttoearnhislivingasascribe(抄写员
9、,文书)learnedLatin,orFrench.Yearsfrom1250To1500wBetween1250and1500about9,000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.Seventy-fivepercentofthemarestillinusetoday.wWecanfindwordsrelatingtoeveryaspectofhumansociety,suchasgovernment,socialscales,law,religion,moralmatters,militaryaffairs,food,fashionandsoonExa
10、mpleswpigporkwsheepmuttonYearsfrom1250To1500wDuringthisperiod,Britainhadtraderelationswiththelowcountries,especiallyHolland.wAsaresult,asmanyas25,000wordsofDutchoriginfoundtheirwayintoEnglish.EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)wIntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeofleaningancientGreekandRo
11、manclassics.wThisisknowninthehistoryastheRenaissance.LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguageoftheWesternworldsgreatliteraryheritageandofgreatscholarship.During1500-1700wButtranslatorswererapidlymakinggreatliteraryworksavailableinEnglish.wTranslatorsandscholarsborrowedheavilyfromtheLatinvocabularyof
12、theirsourcematerialsduringthisperiodandenormousnumbersofLatinwordsbecamepartofEnglishvocabulary.During15001700wOver10,000newwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage.ManyoftheseweretakenfromLatinandGreekbyscholarswhowantedtoreplacetheformsearlieradoptedfromFrench.wIn fact morethantwenty-fivepercentofmodernEngl
13、ishwordscomealmostdirectlyfromClassicallanguages.Mid-seventeenthcenturywInthemid-seventeenthcentury,EnglandexperiencedtheBourgeoisRevolutiontheIndustrialRevolutionwEnglandrosetobeagreateconomicpower.ColonialExpansionInthelate18thwBritain acquired vast,under-populatedterritories,Canada,AustraliawBy19
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