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1、EnglishRhetoricBy Song PingfengChapterEightSyntacticFiguresofSpeech(I)8.1 Repetition重复重复 8.1.1 Immediate repetition直接重复直接重复 8.1.2 Intermittent repetition间歇重复间歇重复8.2 Anaphora首语重复首语重复8.3 Epiphora尾语重复尾语重复8.4 Simploce双重重复双重重复8.5 Anadiplosis联珠法联珠法8.6 Parallelism排比排比8.7 Antithesis对偶;对照对偶;对照Contents of Thi
2、s Chapter28.1Repetition(1)Repetitionv.s.RedundancyRedundancyisakindoffaultywording,whichresultsfromideologicalconfusion.Repetitionisapowerfulrhetoricaldevicewhichcreatesgoodrhythmandparallelismtomakethelanguagemusical,emphatic,attractiveandmemorable.E.g.NowIwas shockednotonlybythedisclosurebutIwaseq
3、uallyshocked bythefactthatmyfellowseminarparticipantswere not shocked.Shesawthereanobject.Thatobjectwasthe gallows.Shewasafraidofthe gallows.3Apowerfulrhetoricaldevicewhichcreatesgoodrhythmandparallelismtomakethelanguagemusical,emphatic,attractiveandmemorable.E.g.Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threebo
4、ysnoboy.(Proverb)一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。4(2)Purposes:KnittheideastogetherEmphasizeanideaGenerateemotionalforceOCaptain!MyCaptain!Rise upandhearthebells;Rise upfor youtheflagisflungfor youthebugletrills,For youbouquetsandribbondwreathsfor youtheshorescrowding,For youtheycall,theswayingmass,theireage
5、rfacesturing;啊,船长!我的船长!起来听听这钟声,啊,船长!我的船长!起来听听这钟声,起来吧旌旗在为你招展号角在为你欢鸣,起来吧旌旗在为你招展号角在为你欢鸣,为你,岸上挤满了人群为你,人们准备了无数的鲜花和花环,为你,岸上挤满了人群为你,人们准备了无数的鲜花和花环,为你,雀跃的人群在欢呼,他们在急切地瞭望;为你,雀跃的人群在欢呼,他们在急切地瞭望;E.g.5(3)Classification:Repetitioncanbeofsounds,words,phrasesorsentences.Accordingtodifferentstandards,itcanbeclassified
6、intodifferenttypes.Waysofrepetition:immediaterepetitionandintermittentrepetitionPlaceofrepetition:anaphora,epiphora,simploce,andanadiplosis68.1.1Immediaterepetition直接重复直接重复Immediaterepetitionreferstothewaywords,phrasesorsentencesarerepeatedwithoutintervals.Immediaterepetitionismainlyusedforemphasis,
7、butitisalsousedtoexpressvariousemotions.Forexample,Voice:Let me in.Let me in.Vigdis.Thord.Vigdis:Whosthere?Voice:Open!Open!ForGodssake.Let me in!(JohnMasefield:TheLockedChest)(-toindicatefrightandtension)Lear:Andmypoorfoolishangd.No,no,nolife!Whyshouldadog,ahorse,arathavelife,andthounobreathatall?Th
8、oultcomenomore.Never,never,never,never,never!(Shakespeare:KingLear)(-toindicatedespair)78.1.2Intermittentrepetition间歇重复间歇重复Intermittentrepetitionreferstothewaytherepeatedwords,phrasesorsentencesareseparatedbysomeotherwords,phrasesorsentences.Forexample,Weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardshi
9、p,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.(JohnF.Kennedy)(expressstrongdetermination)Whentherightpeoplegettogetherfortherightreasonintherightplaceintherightwayandattherighttime,therightkindofmemoriesareinthemaking.(emphasizingtheimportanceofrightfulness)Itisusedforemph
10、asis,forexpressingstrongemotionsorforsomespecialpurposes.88.2Anaphora首首语语重复重复(1)Anaphorainvolvestherepetitionofthesamewordatthebeginning(2)ofsuccessiveclauses,sentencesorverses.(2)Anaphoraiscommonlyinconjunctionwithclimaxandparallelisminordertogainmoreemphasistoconveystrongemotions.(3)Anaphoraiscomm
11、onlyusedinpoetryandpublicspeech.Forexample,I want to knowhowlongshesbeenthere,I want to knowwhatshesthereatallfor.(W.Howells)“Youhaveallmysecrets,”sheleered.Tearsslid;tearsfell;tears,likediamonds,collectingpowderintherutsofhercherryblossomcheeks.(V.Woolf:“TheDuchessandtheJeweller”)9欲治其国者,先齐其家。欲齐其家者,
12、先修其身。欲修其身者,先正其心。欲正其心者,先诚其意。欲诚其意者,先致其知。致知在格物。(出自大学)Lightcome,light go.Loveme,lovemydog.Harmhatch,harmcatch.Outofsight,outofmind.108.3Epiphora尾语重复尾语重复(1)Epiphoraistheoppositeofanaphora.Itistherepetitionofthesame(2)wordsorphrasesattheendofsuccessivelines,clausesorsentences.(2)Epiphoraisanextremelyempha
13、ticdevicebecausetheemphasisisplacedonthelastwordinaphraseoronthelastphraseinaclauseorsentence.Forexample,Thatgovernmentof the people,by the peopleandfor the people,shallnotperishfromtheearth.Readingmakethafull man;conferenceaready man;andwritinganexactman.(FrancisBacon:“OfStudies”)Ifslaveryisnot wro
14、ng,nothingiswrong.Sownothing,reapnothing.11Afinewoman!afairwoman!asweetwoman!(Shakespeare:Othello)Andwillyou,nillyou,Iwillmarryyou.(Shakespeare)Sownothing,reapnothing.Grasp all,loseall.Wastenot,wantnot.没有播种就没有收获。什么都想要,什么也得不到;贪多必失;欲尽得,必尽失不浪费,不愁缺;俭以防匮。128.4Simploce双重重复双重重复Simploceinvolvestherepetition
15、oftwosetsofphrases,ofwhichonesetisrepeatedatthebeginningofeachclause,sentenceorverselineandtheothersetisrepeatedattheendofeachofthem.Thepatternis“ab/ab”.Forexample,Broadlyspeaking,humanbeingsmaybedividedintothreeclasses:those whoaretoiledtodeath,thosewhoareworriedto death,thosewhoareboredto death.Th
16、is istheworlds fight.This iscivilizations fight.Thisisthefightofallwhobelieveinprogressandpluralism,toleranceandfreedom.13所谓修身在其正心者,身有所忿懥,则不得其正;有所恐惧,则不得其正;有所好乐,则不得其正;有所忧患,则不得其正。大学Inacake,nothingtasteslike real butter,nothingmoistenslike real butter,nothing enriches like real butter,nothing satisfies
17、 like real butter.148.5AnadiplosisItistherepetitionofthelastpartofaunitorsentenceatthebeginningofthenextunitorsentence,whosepatternis/a,a/.Ifthisdeviceisrepeatedseveraltimes,itistermedchain-repetition.Forexample,Thekingwasbadtemperedbecausehe was often ill.He was often illbecauseheateanddranktoomuch
18、.Forglancesbeget ogles,oglessighs,sighs wishes,wishes words,and wordsaletter.15Itisprofitnow,nottheproduct.Halfthetimewecheattheforeman,the foreman cheatsthe management,the managementcheatsthe customers.Andthe customersarewe.(J.B.Priestly)五行相生五行相生:金生水金生水,水生木水生木,木生火木生火,火生土火生土,土生金土生金.五行相克五行相克:金克木金克木,木
19、克土木克土,土克水土克水,水克火水克火,火克金火克金.168.6Parallelism(1)Parallelismistherepetitionofsyntacticallysimilarconstructionsofcoordinatedsentencesorphrases.(2)Parallelismgivesemphasis,clarityandcoherenceofideasaswellastherhythmofthelanguage.E.g.a)Oregonsbottlelawhassaved taxpayers money,conserved energy,andcreated j
20、obs.b)Oregonsbottlelawhassaved taxpayers money,conserves energy,andcreates jobs.a)I speak asaRepublican.I speak asawoman.I speak asaUnitedStatesSenator.I speak asanAmerican.b)I speak asaRepublican.I speak asawoman.I speak asaUnitedStatesSenator.AndI am also addressingyouasanAmerican.17(3)Parallelism
21、isoftenusedinpersuasivespeech.Itiseitherwithinasentenceoracrosssentences,withinaparagraphoracrossparagraphs.withinasentenceE.g.Thepast,withits crimes,follies,andits tragedies,flashesaway.(WinstonS.Churchill).andthatgovernmentof the people,by the peopleandfor the people,shallnotperishfromtheearth.(Ab
22、rahamLincoln)Acrosssentences:The seed ye sow,another reaps;The wealth ye find,another keeps;The robe ye weave,another wears;The arms ye forge,another bears.(Shelley)你们播下了种子,别人来收割;你们播下了种子,别人来收割;你们找到了财富,归别人占有;你们找到了财富,归别人占有;你们织布成衣,穿在别人身上;你们织布成衣,穿在别人身上;你们锻造武器,握在别人的手。你们锻造武器,握在别人的手。18Weshallfighthimbyland
23、,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGodshelp,wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke.AcrossParagraphsWeknowitbecausewehaveseenitreviveandgrow.Weknowitcannotdie-becauseitisbuiltontheunhamperedinitiativeofindividualmenandwomenjoinedtogetherincommonenterprise-a
24、nenterpriseundertakenandcarriedthroughbythefreeexpressionofafreemajority.Weknowitbecausedemocracyalone,ofallformsofgovernment,enliststhefullforceofmensenlightenedwill.(FranklinD.Roosevelt)19(4)Parallelismisdeeplyrootedinourmind.Somepeopleevenarguethatparallelismshouldbegroupedintogrammarbecauseonsom
25、anyoccasionsparallelismisaruleandamust.(5)Parallelismisoftenusedtogetherwithrepetition,eitherverballyorsyntactically.Theymakeaveryformidablepairinforcefulwritingofanykind.Theyhelpdrivehomeapoint.208.7Antithesis(1)Definition:Antithesisisplacingcontrastingideassidebysideforemphasisandrhythm.Theelement
26、s(usuallytwo)arecontraryinmeaningbutsimilarinform.E.g.Theworldwilllittlenotenorlongrememberwhat we say here;butitcanneverforget what they did here.(AbrahamLincoln)United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofco-operativeventures.Divided,thereislittlewecando,.(JohnF.Kennedy)21(2)Waysofcreatingantithesis:A)
27、TheuseofantonymsE.g.Pennywise;poundfoolish.(小事聪明,大事糊涂。)Speechissilver(or silvern);silenceisgolden.(沉默是金。)Fewwordsand manydeeds.(少说话,多做事。)Artis long,lifeis short.(生命有限,艺术永恒。)Faultsare thickwhereloveisthin.(爱情一淡薄,缺点就增多。)Marriageiseasy,housekeepingishard.(结婚容易持家难。)Hopeforthe best,andpreparefortheworst.
28、(抱最好的希望,做最坏的打算)22B)ThereverseofthewordorderE.g.Andso,myfellowAmericans:Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou-askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.(JohnF.Kennedy)(3)Antithesisalwaysgivesstrength,addsvividnessandappealstotheaudiencesemotion.Itresultsinlinguisticbrevityandrhythmicharmony.23这是最好的时代,也是最坏的时代这是最好的时代,也
29、是最坏的时代;这是智慧做主的年代,也是愚蠢当家的年代这是智慧做主的年代,也是愚蠢当家的年代 ;这是有所信仰的年头,也是凡事怀疑的年头这是有所信仰的年头,也是凡事怀疑的年头;这是光明照亮的季节,也是黑暗笼罩的季节这是光明照亮的季节,也是黑暗笼罩的季节;这是希望之春,绝望之冬这是希望之春,绝望之冬;人们面前有着各样事物,人们面前一无所有人们面前有着各样事物,人们面前一无所有 ;人们正在直登天堂人们正在直登天堂,人们正在直下地狱人们正在直下地狱 。1.Itwasthebestoftimes;itwastheworstoftimes.2.Itwastheageofwisdom;itwastheageoffoolishness.3.Itwastheepochofbelief;itwastheepochofincredulity.4.Itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness.5.Itwasthespringofhope;itwasthewinterofdespair.6.Wehadeverythingbeforeus;wehadnothingbeforeus.7.WewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven;wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.24
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