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1、1818、定语从句、定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有:when,where,why 等。18.118.1、关系代词引导的定语从句、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)、who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名
2、词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that 在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)2)、Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同 of which 互换),例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the boo
3、k whose(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)、which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that 在句中作宾语)The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在句中作宾语)18.21
4、8.2、关系副词引导的定语从句、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)、when,where,why关系副词 when,where,why 的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用,例如:There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused o
5、ur offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)、that 代替关系副词that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when,where,why 和介词+which引导的定语从句,在口语中 that 常被省略,例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty yearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。18.318.3、判断关系代词与关
6、系副词、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(错)I will neve
7、r forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(对)This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.(对)Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1.Is this museum _ you visite
8、d a few days age?A、whereB、thatC、on whichD、the one例 2.Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A、whereB、thatC、on whichD、the one答案:例 1 D,例 2 A例 1 变为肯定句:This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句:This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where,that,on which 都不能起到宾语的作用
9、,只有the one 既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选 D。而句 2 中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where,又因 inthe museum 词组,可用介词 in+which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。18.418.4、限制性和非限制性定语从句、限制性和非限制性定语从句
10、1)、定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.们上个月买的。(非限制性)2)、当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:Charles Smith,who was my fo
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