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1、经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The UK political system explained 周敏周敏 曹小韻曹小韻经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Monarchy君主体制Parliament议会国会Government政府Cabinet内阁General Election大选Catalogue经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购
2、买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Constitutional Mornachy君主立宪制度君主立宪制度 The King or Queen is the persification of the State经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用A Brief IntroductionZ An old-fashioned governmentZ On the basis of constitutional monarchyZ In practice:the Sovereign reigns(君主称王),but
3、 does not rule.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用SovereignMary(玛丽一世)15531558 经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Elizabeth I(伊丽莎白一世)15581603经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Anne of Great Britain安妮女王17021714 经
4、营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Alexandrina Victoria维多利亚女王18371901经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Elizabeth II伊丽莎白二世Since 1952经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Prince Charles the heir继承人继承人 to the throne经
5、营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The power of the QueenZGives effects to all laws as the head of the executive branch(行政部门)of the governmentZMay pardon(赦免)criminal offences and cancel punishmentsZThe commander-in-chief(总司令)of the armed forces and the temporal head of t
6、he Church of England经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Z Confers(授予)all titles of rank(军衔),and appoints judges,army officers,governors,bishops(主教)and diplomats(外交官)Z Concludes treaties,declares war,and makes peace with other nations经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失
7、,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The Royal Family经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Visits many parts of BritainPays state visits to foreign countriesTours other Common-wealth countriesThe Royal Duties123经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The con
8、stitution(宪法)Britain doesnt have a constitution written down in a single document.The constitution flows from 6 sources:1、The Royal Prerogatives 皇家特权皇家特权 2、Statute Laws 成文法成文法 3、Common Laws 普通法普通法,判例法判例法 4、Conventions 习惯法习惯法 5、Authoritative Opinions 权威意见权威意见 6、European Union Laws 欧盟法欧盟法 经营者提供商品或者服务有
9、欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Parliament议会国会Palace of WestminsterHouses of Parliament(英国议会大厦)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用ParliamentCrown(Official Head)House of Lords(the Upper House)House of Commons(the Lower House)ParliamentParliament cons
10、ists of 3 constituent:they must all agree to pass any given legislation(法律)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用House of LordsRed Chamber(红厅)House of CommonsGreen Chamber(绿厅)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Legislature(立法机关)=ParliamentParli
11、ament is the highest legislative authority in the UK the institution responsible for making and repealing(废止)all the UK laws.Its also known as the Legislature.Function:Make all the UK laws;Scrutinize(审查)government policy,administration&expenditure;Hear appeals(上诉)in the highest Court of Appeal(最高上诉法
12、院)in Britain;Debate the major issues of the day.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The birth of ParliamentThe House of LordscThose who were summoned(召集)“by name”.cAt first its only a gathering of barons(男爵)and by the 13th century,kings found they couldnt make ends meet
13、by asking money from this quite small group.cAnd later they widened it to include representatives of counties,cities and towns.The House of Commonsc Representatives of communitiesc The Commons quickly gained in political strength and in return they wanted an increasing say(发言权发言权)in what the king wa
14、s doing.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The House of LordsStructure:About 1,100 hereditary and life peers or peeressesPower:1.Review legislation2.Propose amendments3.Veto bills according to 4.conventions and operations5.of the Parliament Acts经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者
15、的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The House of Commons经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The MonarchOfficial Head of ParliamentThe life of parliament is divided into periods called“sessions”(会期)(A session lasts for 1 year).The beginning of a new session,called the
16、“State Opening of Parliament”(议会开幕典礼),takes place in the House of Lords.Its a tradition for the monarch to open Parliament in person.On the day,the Queen travels from Buckingham Palace to Parliament in the State Coach(典礼马车).Once the Queen arrives at Parliament,the Union Flag is lowered and replaced
17、by the Royal Standard.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The queen then takes her place on the throne in the House of Lords,from where she sends her messenger Black Rod(黑杖礼仪官黑杖礼仪官)to summon the MPs(the members of Parliament).When the Black Rod arrives at the Lower House
18、,the door is slammed in his face,symbolizing the independence and dominance of the House of Commons.He must then knock 3 times to gain entry and deliver his summons.Then the leading MPs follow the Black Rod to the Upper House,standing crowded at the end of the chamber opposite to the throne.经营者提供商品或
19、者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用vThe Queen will then read out the Queens Speech,a document about 1,000 words in length prepared by the government.vWhat is the speech about?vIn the document the government outlines its planned programmes and the policies it intends to follow.v
20、When the one-week debates on the Queens speech are finished,Parliament is ready to begin the actual work of the new session.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The Queens Speech经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Functions231DebatingMaking la
21、wsSupervisingThe main functions of Parliament经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The House of LordsIt exercises the supreme judicial power.(最高司法机关最高司法机关)It has over 1000 non-elected members:1.1.Lords Spiritual(神职议员):2 archbishops(大主教)and 24 diocesan bishops(辖区主教).Their e
22、ligibility(资格)to sit ends on retirement.2.Law Lords(司法议员):12 Chief Judges 3.Hereditary Peers(世袭贵族):Duke公爵,Marquis侯爵,Earl伯爵,Viscount子爵,Baron男爵 (royal descendants)4.Life Peers(当世贵族/一代贵族):The life peer is a title given by the Crown during his/her lifetime,in honor of his or her professional achievement
23、s.The title is NOT hereditary世袭.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用vTheoretically the two Houses are equally important.But the Upper House does NOT exercise the dominant constitutional influence(上院不具有主导法律影响力、不掌控立法权).vIt has NO power to prevent the passing of legislation
24、 or bills approved by the House of Commons.The lords can only delay a bill for up to 1 year.vThe work of Lords is largely complementary to that of the Commons:hold debates,put questions to ministers,examine and revise bills.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The House o
25、f CommonsvThe most powerful and important element in UK.(the real center of British political life)vThree main functions:1)Make laws;2)Control and criticize the executive government;3)Control the raising and spending of money.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The Prime
26、 MinistervLeader of his party in the House of Commons vHead of the government vChief spokesman for the government vHe has the right to select his cabinet,hand out departmental positions,decide the agenda议事日程 for cabinet meetings which he also chairs.vHe directs and controls policy for the government
27、.vHe keeps the Queen informed of government decisions.(weekly meeting with the Queen)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Winston Churchill 丘吉尔丘吉尔经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Tony Blair 布莱尔布莱尔James Gordon Brown布朗布朗经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照
28、消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Dmitry Medvedev 梅德韦杰夫梅德韦杰夫经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet(内阁)vTo ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament,the King or Queen met regularly with a group of important Parlia
29、mentarians,a group which became known as the Cabinet.vIn 1714,the ruling Queen(Anne of Great Britain)died without producing an heir to the throne and so Britain had to“import”a member of the royal family from Germany to rule Britain.vThe new King George spoke English very badly and was not very inte
30、rested in politics anyway,so he left the job of chairing cabinet meetings to one of his ministers.In time he came to be called the prime minister.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用vThe powers of the PM within the British political structure have developed in recent yea
31、rs to such an extent that some political analysts now refer to Britain as having a Prime Ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government.vThe PM selects his own Cabinet and he will select those people who:Have ability Have demonstrated good party loyalty Have clearly demonstrated loyalty to
32、the PM himself 经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用British GovernmentPrime MinisterMinisters(Heads of all important departments)Treasury 财政部 Ministry of Defense国防 Ministry of Agriculture Foreign and Commonwealth Office外交联邦部 Department of Education and Science Department
33、of Health and Social Security经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Prime Ministers Question Time(质问时间)vThe PM answers questions from MPs in the Commons for half an hour every Wednesday from 12 at noon.Question Time is an opportunity for MPs to ask the PM questions known as
34、“oral questions”.vAre those oral questions merely from the PMs opposition parties or out-parties?Anyone can ask him some questions.In theory,the PM wont know what questions will be asked.However,hell be extensively briefed by government departments in anticipation of likely subjects he could be aske
35、d about.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Executive=The Government What does the British Government refer to?Technically,the Central Government refers to the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.The Cabin
36、et is the nucleus核心 of the government.All its members are chosen among the MPs.This makes the British government known as the Parliamentary government(议会制政府)or Cabinet government.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The Cabinet(内阁)vWhat is the Cabinet composed of?Its comp
37、osed of the chiefs of the most important ministries and departments.vWho are always included in the Cabinet?The Minister of Defense,the Foreign Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer财政大臣vCabinet meets weekly at No.10 Downing Street.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服
38、务的费用经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The Privy Council(枢密院)The Privy Council includes all ministers and ex-ministers,the holders of certain offices outside the political executive and some other people to whom membership has been given as an honor.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当
39、按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Includes all ministers and ex-ministersInclude the holders of certain offices;people who has been given as an honorHave the power to make certain executive orders and proclamationsThe Privy Council123经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的
40、价款或接受服务的费用The Civil Service 公务员vThe civil servants are politically neutral中立的.vThey are paid with public money.vThey are career officials serving the elected political government of the day.They themselves arent elected.Theyre officials who remain in office despite changes in government.vThey are we
41、ll-educated elite精英,dominated by Oxbridge(75%).vTo enter at the higher levels of the civil service you have to pass a rigorous civil service exam.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用The Devolution(地方分权权力下放)vDevolution is where power is transferred from a superior governm
42、ental body(such as central power)to an inferior one(such as at regional level).vSince Tony Blairs constitutional reforms at the end of the 20th century,more power has been devolved from Westminster to Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland.The Scottish Parliament -1998 The Welsh Assembly-1998 The North
43、ern Ireland Assembly-1998经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用English Judges经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用General Electionevery 5 years-any citizen over 18 years old vThere are 646 constituencies选民 in 2005,each of which returns one MP.vThe elected MPs will make up the House of Commons.vThe leader of the party that wins the majority of seats in the House of Commons will become the PM and form a new Cabinet.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Thank you!
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