土木工程专业英语-Reinforced Concrete Structures.ppt
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1、土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语Reinforced Concrete Structures钢筋混凝土筋混凝土结构构Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country.In many,including the United States and Canada,reinforced concrete is a dominant(主主要要的的)structural material in engineered construction(建建造造的的建筑物)建筑物).The univers
2、al(通通用用的的)nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from(归归因因于于)the wide availability of reinforcing bars(钢钢筋筋)and the constituents(组组成成部部分分)of concrete,gravel,sand,and cement,the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction(施施工工),and the economy(经济性)(经济性)of reinforced concrete
3、compared to other form of construction.Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges,buildings of all sorts(各各种种各各样样),underground structures,water tanks,television towers,offshore oil exploration and production structures(近近海海石石油油开开采采和和生生产产结结构构),dams,and even in ships.混凝土与钢筋混凝土作为建筑材料在每个国家被使用着
4、。混凝土与钢筋混凝土作为建筑材料在每个国家被使用着。在很多国家,包括美国和加拿大,钢筋混凝土是建造的建筑物中主要的结构材料。在很多国家,包括美国和加拿大,钢筋混凝土是建造的建筑物中主要的结构材料。钢钢筋筋混混凝凝土土建建筑筑物物通通用用的的特特性性归归因因于于能能大大量量得得到到钢钢筋筋和和混混凝凝土土的的组组分分(即即碎碎石石、砂砂和和水水泥泥),混混凝凝土土施施工工需需要要相相对对简简单单的的技技术术,以以及及与与其其他他形形式式的的建建筑筑相相比比钢钢筋筋混混凝凝土土的经济性。的经济性。混混凝凝土土与与钢钢筋筋混混凝凝土土用用于于桥桥梁梁、各各种种房房屋屋、地地下下结结构构、水水箱箱、电
5、电视视塔塔、近近海海石石油油开开采和生产结构、大坝甚至船舶。采和生产结构、大坝甚至船舶。Mechanics of Reinforced ConcreteMechanics of Reinforced ConcreteConcrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.As a result,cracks develop(形形成成)whenever(每每当当)loads,or restrained shrinkage(收收缩缩限限制制)or temperature changes,give rise to(导导致致)tensile stre
6、sses in excess of(超过)(超过)the tensile strength of the concrete.In the plain concrete(素素混混凝凝土土)beam,the moments due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple(拉拉压压力力偶偶)involving tension in the concrete.Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack for
7、ms.In a reinforced concrete beam,steel bars(钢钢筋筋)are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.钢筋混凝土的力学钢筋混凝土的力学钢筋混凝土的力学钢筋混凝土的力学混凝土受压强、受拉弱。混凝土受压强、受拉弱。因因此此,每每当当受受荷荷、收收缩缩受受阻阻或或温温度度变变化化引引起起的的拉拉应应力力超
8、超过过混混凝凝土土的的抗抗拉拉强强度时,便会发生开裂。度时,便会发生开裂。在在素素混混凝凝土土梁梁中中,因因外外力力引引起起的的力力矩矩由由内内部部的的拉拉-压压形形成成的的力力偶偶来来抵抵抗抗,此此力偶中包含了混凝土的拉力。力偶中包含了混凝土的拉力。当第一条裂缝形成时,此梁会突然、完全地失效。当第一条裂缝形成时,此梁会突然、完全地失效。在在钢钢筋筋混混凝凝土土梁梁中中,钢钢筋筋埋埋置置在在混混凝凝土土内内的的方方式式应应能能使使混混凝凝土土开开裂裂后后在在钢钢筋中产生平衡力矩所需的拉力。筋中产生平衡力矩所需的拉力。The construction(施施 工工)of a reinforced
9、concrete member involves building a form or mold(模具)(模具)in the shape of the member being built.The form must be strong enough to support the weight and hydrostatic pressure(静静水水压压力力)of the wet concrete,and any forces applied to it by workers,concrete buggies(料车)(料车),wind,and so on.The reinforcement(
10、钢钢筋筋)is placed in this form and held in place(固固定定就就位)位)during the concreting(用混凝土浇筑)(用混凝土浇筑)operation.After the concrete has hardened,the forms are removed(拆除)(拆除).钢筋混凝土构件的施工包括以在建构件的形状搭建模板或模具。钢筋混凝土构件的施工包括以在建构件的形状搭建模板或模具。模模板板必必须须足足够够强强劲劲以以支支承承湿湿混混凝凝土土的的重重量量和和静静水水压压力力,以以及及任任何何由由工工人人、混凝土料车、风等施加给它的力。混凝
11、土料车、风等施加给它的力。钢钢筋筋置置于于模模板板中中,并并在在混混凝凝土土浇浇筑筑过过程程中中固固定定就就位位。当当混混凝凝土土硬硬化化后后便便拆拆除模板。除模板。Factors Affecting Choice of Concrete For a StructureFactors Affecting Choice of Concrete For a Structure The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete,steel,masonry,or timber(木木材材)depends on the availa
12、bility(可可得得性性)of materials and on a number of(许多)(许多)value decisions(价值判断)(价值判断).EconomyEconomy Frequently,the foremost(最最重重要要的的)consideration is the overall cost(总总费用)费用)of the structure.This is,of course,a function of the costs(费费用用函函数数)of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them.Freque
13、ntly,however,the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time(总总的的建建造造时时间间)since the contractor and owner must allocate(分分配配)money(资资金金)to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment(收收回回投投资资)until the building is ready for occupancy(居住)(居
14、住).影响一个结构选择混凝土的因素影响一个结构选择混凝土的因素影响一个结构选择混凝土的因素影响一个结构选择混凝土的因素一一个个结结构构选选择择由由混混凝凝土土、钢钢材材、砌砌体体还还是是木木材材建建造造取取决决于于材材料料的的可可得得性性和和许许多多价价值值判断。判断。经济性经济性经济性经济性最重要的考虑常常是该结构的总费用。最重要的考虑常常是该结构的总费用。当然,这是一个建造结构而必需的材料和劳动力费用的函数。当然,这是一个建造结构而必需的材料和劳动力费用的函数。但但是是,总总费费用用经经常常同同样样地地或或更更多多地地受受总总的的建建造造时时间间的的影影响响,因因为为承承包包商商和和业业主
15、主必必须须分配资金来进行建造,并直到建筑物可以使用才能收回投资。分配资金来进行建造,并直到建筑物可以使用才能收回投资。As a result,financial savings(财财务务的的节节约约)due to rapid construction may more than offset(足以抵消)(足以抵消)increased material costs.Any measures designer can take to standardize the design and forming(加加工)工)will generally pay off(使人得益)(使人得益)in reduc
16、ed overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy(长长期期的的经经济济性性)of the structure may be more important than the first cost.As a result,maintenance(维维护护)and durability(耐耐久久性性)are important considerations.因快速施工而使财务的节约可足以抵消增加的材料费用。因快速施工而使财务的节约可足以抵消增加的材料费用。设设计计者者为为使使设设计计和和加加工工标标准准化化所所采采取取的的任任何何措措施施通通常
17、常都都将将在在降降低低的的总总费费用用中得益。中得益。在很多情况下,结构长期的经济性可能比初始费用更重要。在很多情况下,结构长期的经济性可能比初始费用更重要。因此,维护和耐久性是重要的考虑因素。因此,维护和耐久性是重要的考虑因素。Suitability of Material for Architectural and Structural FunctionSuitability of Material for Architectural and Structural Function A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the des
18、igner to combine the architectural and structural functions(功能)(功能).Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition(塑塑性性状状态态)and is given the desired shape and texture(密密度度)by means of the forms and the finishing techniques(加工技术)(加工技术).This allows such elements(构构件件)as flat plate
19、s or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and ceiling surface(楼面和顶棚面)(楼面和顶棚面).Similarly,reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity,wind,or seismic loads.Finally,the
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