章振邦英语语法第五Tense and Aspect.pptx
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1、nowPAST TIMEFUTURE TIMEpreceding nowfollowing nowPRESENT TIMEincluding nowOn this semantic level of interpretation,present is the most general and unmarked category.Albatrosses were large birds.The speaker does not commit himself to the continuation of the past state of affairs it describes into the
2、 present,while it does not exclude the possibility of such a continuation.It is possible to assert:Albatrosses were,are,and always will be large birds.第1页/共54页Basic concepts:tense and aspectOne way of expressing the notion of time linguistically is by means of tense.Aspect is a grammatical term indi
3、cates whether an action or state at a given time is veiwed as completed or incomplete.第2页/共54页TensePresent tensePast tenseAspectProgressive aspectPerfective aspect(Perfective progressive aspect)第3页/共54页Referring to the Referring to the presentpresent第4页/共54页Eternal presentHabitual behaviorTemporary
4、habitMomentary behavior Instantaneous behaviorBehavior of the present moment第5页/共54页Eternal truths Using the simple present to the stative verbs to express eternal truths or proverbs,as well as in scientific,mathematical,geographical and other statements made for all time.E.g.Honesty is the best pol
5、icy.A rolling stone gathers no moss.Authors often use a kind of timeless present in addressing their readers about the contents of their books.E.g.The last example shows that第6页/共54页Habitual behaviorUsing the simple present to dynamic verbs to express habitual or recurrent present.e.g.Father doesnt
6、smoke.Percy often goes to his office by underground.Verbs of stative meaning may sometimes be used in a habitual sense when accompanied by a frequency adverbial:E.g.She is seldom alone.Using the present progressive to express a temporary habit.e.g.Hes working in a chemical factory these days.第7页/共54
7、页Momentary vs.Instantaneous behaviorINSTANTANEOUS PRESENT occurs where the verb refers to a single action begun and completed approximately at the moment of speech.1)some cases are bound to be simultaneity between the event described and the speech event itself.e.g.I resign.2)In other cases,there is
8、 an implication of simultaneity which gives the utterance with the instantaneous present a somewhat theatrical quality.e.g.Carlos wins!第8页/共54页Rather restricted situations occur 1)commentaries:Fernandez shoots!2)demonstrations and other self-commentaries:I enclose a form of application.3)special exc
9、lamatory sentences with initial adverbials:Here comes the winner!4)performatives:apologize,advise,request,predict,etc.第9页/共54页Using the simple present to stative verbs to express a momentary phenomenon existing at the time of speakinge.g.Whats the matter with you?You look pale.Using the simple prese
10、nt to dynamic verbs to denote instantaneous actions.e.g.I declear the meeting open.Haper passes the ball to Jenning;Jennings shoots and the goalkeeper leaps for it but-yes,its a goal.第10页/共54页Behaviors of the present momentUsing the present progressive to durative dynamic verbs to denote what is goi
11、ng on at the present moment.E.g.-What are you doing?-Im writing a letter.第11页/共54页Referring to the Referring to the pastpast第12页/共54页Habitual behaviorTemporary habitsImmediate vs.HistoricAt a definite point or period of time state exists action in completion action in progressiveInformation received
12、 in the past present effect present result第13页/共54页Habitual behavior Using the simple past to denote a habitual or recurrent action in the past.e.g.In those days they sowed wheat by hand.He worked in a bank all his life.第14页/共54页Temporary habitUsing the past progressive to denote a temporarily habit
13、ual action in the past.E.g.George was getting up at five every day that week.第15页/共54页Immediate vs.HistoricCommunicative verbs such as“tell,talk,say,exaggerate”with the present progressive to denote an action in the immediate past.e.g.I dont know what you are talking about.say,understand,hear,learn
14、with the simple present,the simple past,present perfectiveMartin tells me the Smiths are moving from No.20.Braham is/was the last great representative of German classicism.The Book of Genesis speaks of the terrible fate of Sodom and Gomorrah.第16页/共54页Historic present describing the past as if it is
15、happening now:conveying sth.Of the dramatic immediacy of an eye-witness account,such as story-telling,news reporting,to add vividness to the description e.g.I was just dozing off in front of the television when my wife rushes in shouting that the kitchen is on fire.第17页/共54页At a definite point or pe
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