Unit 1 a Brief Introduction of the UK.ppt
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1、Unit1aBriefIntroductionoftheUKMajor pointsAcomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatednameandcomplicatedpopulationmake-upTheimperialpastanditseffectsontodaysUKItsclassandraceItsregionsEnglandUKBritishIslesGreatBritain The imperial past and its effects on todays UKItwasaproductoftheAgeofDiscovery,whichbeganwi
2、ththemaritimeexplorationsofthe15thcentury.By1921,Itcoveredabout36.7millionkm,aboutaquarterofEarthstotallandarea.Asaresult,itspolitical,linguisticandculturallegacyiswidespread.Atthepeakofitspower,itwasoftensaidthatthe sun never sets on the British Empirebecauseitsspanacrosstheglobeensuredthatthesunwa
3、salwaysshiningonatleastoneofitsnumerouscoloniesorsubjectnations.the sun never sets on the British EmpireDuringthefivedecadesfollowingWorldWarII,mostoftheterritoriesoftheEmpirebecameindependent.ManywentontojointheCommonwealthofNations,afreeassociationofindependentstates.SomehaveretainedtheBritishmona
4、rchastheirheadofstate.The imperial effects on todays UKCloserelationshipswiththeCommonwealthcountries,whichusedtobeapartoftheBritishEmpireThemake-upoftheBritishpopulation.NowtheUKisamultiracialsociety.TheCommonwealth of NationsTheCommonwealth of Nations,usuallyknownasthe Commonwealth,isavoluntaryass
5、ociationof53independentsovereignstates,mostofwhichareformerBritishcolonies,ordependenciesofthesecolonies(theexceptionsbeingtheUnitedKingdomitselfandMozambique).class structure in the UKBritainisasocietywithaclass-structure,dividedbyeconomicsandculturaldifferences.Itismoreobviousthanothersocieties.He
6、reditaryaristocracyUpper-middleclassMiddleclassLowermiddleclassWorkingclassRegions of the UKEnglandWalesScotlandNorthernIrelandEnglandCapital(andlargestcity):LondonArea:130423sqkmOfficial languages:EnglishPopulation 2008:above50million(UK:about60million)Symbols of EnglandWhat images are associated w
7、ith England?St Georges Flag:Flag of EnglandThreeLionsEmblemPrincessDiana,EnglandsRoseHistory of InvasionsBeforethe1stcenturyAD,BritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCeltic people:apowerfulcultureoriginatingincentralEurope.1.Invasion by RomansIn43AD,Britainwasinvadedbythe Roman Empire,andEnglandandWa
8、lesbecameapartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years.TheRomanEmpire2.Invasion by Anglo-SaxonsAstheRomanarmiesandRomanprotectionwerewithdrawnfromBritain,andBritainwasagaindividedintosmallkingdoms,andagainitcameunderthreatfromGermanicpeoples:the Angles,and the Saxon.The Anglo-SaxonssucceededininvadingBrita
9、in,andeitherabsorbtheCelticpeople,orpushedthemtothewesternandnorthernedgesofBritain.3.Invasion by Vikings Fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,the Vikings,threatenedBritainshores.King Alfred,the GreatturnedthetideinthesouthagainsttheVikings.4.Invasion by NormansIn1066,Englandwasinvadedbyth
10、eNormansunderWilliam of Normandy,fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendantsofVikings.The Battle of Hastings,defeatedanEnglisharmyunderKingHarold,marksthe last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading.Thenext300yearsaftertheNormanInvasion,SaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulationhad
11、beenruledbyNormanaristocracy.Robin Hood,the Saxon noblemanoppressedbytheNormans,whobecameanoutlaw,hidintheforestinthenorthmidlandofEngland,andwentouttorobtherichtogivetothepoor.ThenextfewhundredsyearsfollowingNormaninvasioncanbeseenasa process of joining together the various parts of the British isl
12、es under English rules.Atthesametimepowerwasgraduallytransferredfromthemonarchtotheparliament.ScotlandArea:78772km(30414miles),roughly30%oftheareaoftheUKClimate:temperateandverychangeable,butrarelyextremeGeographyPopulation LanguageGeographyThegeography of Scotlandishighlyvaried,fromrurallowlandstob
13、arrenuplands,andfromlargecitiestouninhabitedislands.Scotlandisdividedinto:theHighlandsthecentrallowlandstheSouthernUplands.populationThemoreruggedHighlandregioncontainsthemajorityofScotlandsmountainousterrain,includingthehighestpeak,Ben Nevis,1344m(4409ft).HighlandsofScotlandhavethelowestpopulationd
14、ensityat8inhabitantspersquarekilometerThe HighlandsBenNevisfromBanavievillage BenNevisinWinter The lowland zoneThelowlandzoneareflatterandhometomostofthepopulation.Around70%ofthecountryspopulationliveintheCentralLowlands.GlasgowisthelargestcityinScotland,althoughEdinburghisthecapitalandpoliticalcent
15、reofthecountry.LanguagesinScotlandScotlandsmultiplelinguisticheritageisoneofitsmostdistinctiveculturalfeatures.TheofficiallanguageisEnglish,whichisspokenbythevastmajorityofthepopulation,butLowlandScots.ScottishGaelic,theancientlanguageoftheHighlandsandislands,wasoncedominantthroughoutmuchofthecountr
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