篇drugs药物学习教程.pptx
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1、1.Definition of drug A drug is a substance that alters body function.Traditionally,drugs have been derived from natural plant,animal,and mineral sources.Today,most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies.A few,such as certain hormones and enzymes,have been produced by genetic engi
2、neering.Many drugs,described as over-the-counter(OTC)drugs,are available without prescription.Others require a health care providers prescription for use.第1页/共28页2.Word parts pertaining to drugs-lytic=dissolving,reducing,loosening anxiolytic:agent that reduces anxiety 抗焦虑药 antihemolytic:agents that
3、prevent hemolysis 抗溶血药 thrombolytic drug:drugs that are used to dissolve blood clots(血栓,血小板)溶栓药-mimetic=mimicking,simulating 模拟,模仿 sympathomimetic:mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system 拟交感神经药溶解,降低,松散第2页/共28页-tropic=acting on 作用于 endocrinotropic:increase endocrine 促内分泌的 psychotropic
4、s:drugs acting on mind 精神类药物 anti-=aginst antidote:substance that counteracts a poison解药 antihypertensive:agents that counteracts high blood pressure 抗高血压药-troph 营养Tropin 激素第3页/共28页 contra-=against contraceptive:preventing conception 避孕药alg/o,algi/o,algesi/o=pain=-algia analgesics:compounds capable
5、of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness 镇痛药(缓解)chem/o=chemical chemotherapy:treatment with drugs 化疗第4页/共28页hypn/o=sleep=somn hypnosis:an altered state with increased responsiveness to suggestion 催眠,催眠术 hypnotic:drugs that induce sleep 安眠药narc/o=stupor 麻痹,麻木 narcotic:drug that induces stu
6、por 麻醉剂 pharmac/o=drug pharmacy:the science of preparing and dispensing drugs 药剂学第5页/共28页pyr/o,pyret/o=fever,fire 发热,起火 pyrogen:a substance that induces fever.These can be either internal(endogenous内源性的)or external(exogenous)to the body.The bacterial substance lipo/poly/saccharide(LPS)脂多糖(脂肪),presen
7、t in the cell wall of some bacteria,is an example of an exogenous pyrogen.热源 antipyretic:counteracting fever 解热药,退烧药 pyrexia:fever 发烧 tox/o,toxic/o=poison,toxin antitoxin:an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin 抗毒素(一种抗体)第6页/共28页2.Routes of drug administration inhalation:administr
8、ation though the respiratory system呼吸系统,as by breathing in an aerosol气雾剂 instillation:liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body,such as into the ear or onto the eye 滴注 eg.eye drop 滴眼剂 oral:given by mouth;per os(po)口服第7页/共28页 rectal:administered by rectal 直肠的
9、suppository栓剂 or enema灌肠剂。直肠给药 sublingual(SL):administered under the tongue。舌下给药 topical:applied to the surface of the skin。局部给药 transdermal:absorbed through the skin,as from a patch placed on the surface of the skin。经皮给药 dermo-dermato皮肤 e.g.epiderm 表皮第8页/共28页Injection:administered by a needle and s
10、yringe described as parenteral肠胃外 routes of administration。注射 intradermal(ID):injected into the skin 皮内注射 intramuscular(IM):injected into a muscle肌肉注射 intravenous:injected into a vein静脉内注射subcutaneous(SC):injected beneath the skin;hypodermic(皮肤)皮下注射=hypodermic第9页/共28页皮皮下组织肌肉第10页/共28页3.Common drugs a
11、nd their actionsAnalgesics:alleviate painnarcotic analgesics:麻醉性镇痛剂 decrease pain sensation in central nervous system;chronic use may lead to physical dependence,e.g.morphine non-narcotic analgesics:非麻醉性镇痛剂 act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins(local hormones);they may also be anti-inflammatory
12、 and antipyretic(reduce fever),e.g.aspirin第11页/共28页Formation of pain tissue damage or inflammation pain producing substance prostaglandin,PG(前列腺素)leukotriene,LT(白三烯)bradykinin(缓激肽)缓慢的 5-hydroxytryptamine(5羟色胺)interleukin(白介素)stimulate sensory nerves nerve impulse transmitted to nerve center feeling
13、of painMakes receptor more sensitive to paintachy-快的致敏物质第12页/共28页Mechanism of action:Phospholipids磷脂 phospholipase 磷脂酶 arachidonic acid(花生四烯酸)cyclooxygenase(环氧化酶)prostaglandin(前列腺素)第13页/共28页Anesthetics:reduce or eliminate sensation麻醉剂 local anesthetics:drugs that can reversibly block generation and
14、transmission of nerve impulses to relieve pain at local site without loss of consciousness,e.g.lidocaine general anesthetics:drugs that can inhibit central nervous system and cause temporary loss of consciousness,e.g.nitrous oxide 第14页/共28页Anticoagulants 抗凝血剂抗凝血剂prevent coagulation and formation of
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