平狄克微观经济学英文版课件ppt.pptx
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1、1 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.1.1The Themes of Microeconomics1.2What Is a Market?1.3Real versus Nominal Prices1.4Why Study Microeconomics?C H A P T E R 1Prepared by:Fernando Quijano,IllustratorPreliminariesCHAPTER OUTLINE2 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson
2、 Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 microeconomics Branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic unitsconsumers,firms,workers,and investorsas well as the markets that these units comprise.macroeconomics
3、Branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables,such as the level and growth rate of national output,interest rates,unemployment,and inflation.3 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能CONSU
4、MERSConsumers have limited incomes,which can be spent on a wide variety of goods and services,or saved for the future.WORKERSWorkers also face constraints and make trade-offs.First,people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce.Second,workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment
5、.Finally,workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work,thereby trading off labor for leisure.FIRMSFirms also face limits in terms of the kinds of products that they can produce,and the resources available to produce them.The Themes of Microeconomics1.1Trade-Offs4 of 18Copyr
6、ight 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Microeconomics describes how prices are determined.In a centrally planned economy,prices are set by the government.In a market economy,prices are determined by the interactions
7、of consumers,workers,and firms.These interactions occur in marketscollections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.Prices and Markets5 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能The
8、ories and ModelsIn economics,explanation and prediction are based on theories.Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.A model is a mathematical representation,based on economic theory,of a firm,a market,or some other entity.Positive versu
9、s Normative Analysis positive analysis Analysis describing relationships of cause and effect.normative analysis Analysis examining questions of what ought to be.6 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 mar
10、ket Collection of buyers and sellers that,through their actual or potential interactions,determine the price of a product or set of products.market definition Determination of the buyers,sellers,and range of products that should be included in a particular market.arbitrage Practice of buying at a lo
11、w price at one location and selling at a higher price in another.What Is a Market?1.27 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Competitive versus Noncompetitive Markets perfectly competitive market Market wi
12、th many buyers and sellers,so that no single buyer or seller has a significant impact on price.Many other markets are competitive enough to be treated as if they were perfectly competitive.Other markets containing a small number of producers may still be treated as competitive for purposes of analys
13、is.Finally,some markets contain many producers but are noncompetitive;that is,individual firms can jointly affect the price.8 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Market Price market price Price prevailin
14、g in a competitive market.In markets that are not perfectly competitive,different firms might charge different prices for the same product.This might happen because one firm is trying to win customers from its competitors,or because customers have brand loyalties that allow some firms to charge high
15、er prices than others.The market prices of most goods will fluctuate over time,and for many goods the fluctuations can be rapid.This is particularly true for goods sold in competitive markets.9 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精
16、神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Market DefinitionThe Extent of a Market extent of a market Boundaries of a market,both geographical and in terms of range of products produced and sold within it.Market definition is important for two reasons:A company must understand who its actual and potential competito
17、rs are for the various products that it sells or might sell in the future.Market definition can be important for public policy decisions.For some goods,it makes sense to talk about a market only in terms of very restrictive geographic boundaries.We must also think carefully about the range of produc
18、ts to include in a market.10 of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,Inc.Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能In 1990,the Archer-Daniels-Midland Company(ADM)acquired the Clinton Corn Processing Company(CCP).The U.S.Department of Justice(DOJ)challen
19、ged the acquisition on the grounds that it would lead to a dominant producer of corn syrup with the power to push prices above competitive levels.ADM fought the DOJ decision,and the case went to court.The basic issue was whether corn syrup represented a distinct market.ADM argued that sugar and corn
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