2023年大学英语四级语法精要.pdf
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1、大学英语四级语法精要一 动 词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)(一)时态1、积极形式过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完毕had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would havedone用于虚拟语气完毕进行had been doinghave/has been doing/2,被动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般was/were givenam/is/are givenWill/
2、shall begivenshould/wouldbe given进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完毕was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完毕进行/-CET-4常考的三种时态:过去完毕时;将来完毕时;(现在/过去)完毕进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态:-一般过去时、用1 一 般 现 在 时|表达J Jr 所有的过去 现在和将来现在完毕时现在完毕和将来完毕3、现在完毕进行时态(have/has been+-in g分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,也许继续下去,也也许刚刚结束.I
3、ve been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.4、过去完毕进行时(由 had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.5、将来完毕进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.-By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.6、将来完毕时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):
4、将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They,ll have hit the years target by the end of October.(-)语态1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时合用于上述两个句型的积极词通常都是表达“估计”,相信”等意义的动词,常见的有:assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,kno
5、w,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等。It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.2、担当be supposed t o 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表达不同的意义。Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应当晓得速度限制)3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态1)双宾语结构的
6、被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把积极结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保存在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.2)宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.4、短语动词1)Vi.+adv.:The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi.+pre
7、p.:They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi.+prep.(有被动语态):Shes looking after her sisters children.4)Vi.+adv.+prep.:I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt.+O+adv.:Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.6)Vt.+adv.+O(无被动语态):I am tryi
8、ng to give up smoking.7)Vt.+O+prep.:We talked Donald into agreement.(三)省略1、在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,假如谓语包具有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就经常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.1)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects
9、.If not well managed,in igation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.2)If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.As scheduled,t
10、hey met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2、在以than a)或 as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.1)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.2)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often work
11、s in the kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3、错误的省略1)His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.2)While standing there in her nightgown,two bullets struck the wall beside her.(四)一致1、主谓 一 致(与插入语无关)1)主谓的分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定
12、语从句分隔。2)定语从句中的主谓一致3)随前一致:n.+together with;as well as;including;along with;with/of;accompanied with/by4)就近原则5)假如主语表达的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构的特性是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.The head master and th
13、e mathematical teacher are coming.类似的尚有:law and order;bread and;butter black and white;To love and to be loved is.;A lawyer and a teacher are.;A lawyer and teacher is.6)随后原则:not A but B/not only A but also B+v.(与 B 一致)7)比例结构:most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent;of+nl+v.(由 nl 决定)8)倒装结构的主谓一致:-Ther
14、e be+n 由名词决定动词-Among,between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:Among/Between+系动词+n.(由名词决定动词)9)The+adj.的主谓一致:当表达“一类人”当表达某一抽象概念时。例:The good is always attractive.10)To do/doing/主从+vs.例:More than one+n.;many a+n.;a day or two2、假如主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with,together with,as well as,as much as,no less than,more than 等引导的短语,谓语动词依旧用单数形式.
15、Terry,along with her friend,goes skating every Saturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,was disappointed in the team.3、代词作主语时一致1)each,either,neither和由 some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody
16、ready?Somebody is using the phone.2)some,few,both,many 等作复数3)som e可后接复数,也可接单数,表达某一。none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,重要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但 none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books are easy enough for us.None of us seem to have thought of it.None(=nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worrie
17、s me.4)a ll和 m ost可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of t h e,most of the.),动词用单数.4 由 an d 或 both.an d 连接名词词组时,后用复数;由 not only.,.but(also),eitheror,neithernor或o r 连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.1)Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Neither my wife n
18、or I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.2)假如一个句子是由there或 here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.5 people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.1)Cattle are grazing on th
19、e pasture.The police are looking for him.2)有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,重要根据意思来决定.His family isnt very large.The committee meets twice a month.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.3)有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginn
20、ing next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.6、表达时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,假如作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.7、其他问题1)书名,国家名用单数:Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charl
21、es Lamb.2)学科名,如 mathematics,economics 用单数.3)many a 或 more than o n e所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.4)a number o f 后接复数,the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books publishe
22、d on the subject is simply amazing.5)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一是根据先行词采用复数形式:Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.6)当 o n e之前与the only等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据o n e 而定,即采用单数形式:He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on a
23、nother assignment.二、非谓语动词(一)不定式1、形式积极形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完毕式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完毕进行式to have been doing1)完毕式:不定式的一般形式所表达的动作,通常与重要谓语表达的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表达的动作,在谓语所表达的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完毕式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mother).
24、(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.2)进行式:假如重要谓语表达的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表达的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listenin
25、g attentively.3)完毕进行式:在谓语所表达的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完毕进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表达的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to b
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