英语学习英语专业词汇学.pptx
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1、会计学1英语学习英语专业词汇学英语学习英语专业词汇学Polysemyn nPolysemy is a common feature peculiar Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.This is to all natural languages.This is particularly true of highly developed particularly true of highly developed languages like English.In modern languages li
2、ke English.In modern English,an overwhelming majority of English,an overwhelming majority of words are polysemous.There are words words are polysemous.There are words that have two or three senses,and the that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as most commonly used on
3、es can have as many as over a hundred.many as over a hundred.第1页/共42页Polysemy n nHowever,when a word is first coined,it However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must of development,the same symbo
4、l must be used to express more meanings.The be used to express more meanings.The result is polysemy.But how does a word result is polysemy.But how does a word acquire new meanings?In what way are acquire new meanings?In what way are the meanings related to one another?the meanings related to one ano
5、ther?第2页/共42页Two Approaches to Polysemyn nThe problem of interrelation of the The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles:be dealt with from two different angles:diachronic approach and synchr
6、onic diachronic approach and synchronic approach.approach.第3页/共42页1.Two approaches to polysemyDiachronic approach历时研究方法 It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word。The first meaning is the primary meaning.Later meanings are called derived m
7、eanings.第4页/共42页Synchronic approachSynchronic approach共时研究方法 Synchronically,Synchronically,polysemypolysemy is viewed as the is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time.same word in a historical period of tim
8、e.从共时的角度看,在同一个历史时期,从共时的角度看,在同一个历史时期,同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。The basic meaning of a word is called the The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning.The derived meanings central meaning.The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.are secondary in comparison.第5页/共42页2.Two proc
9、esses of development 1)Radiation1)Radiation辐射型辐射型 2)Concatenation2)Concatenation连锁型连锁型第6页/共42页1)Radiation1)Radiation辐射型辐射型辐射型辐射型Semantically,radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.All th
10、e meanings are independent of one another,but can all be traced back to the central meaning.第7页/共42页Take Take headhead for example:for example:the head of the school,six pence per head,the head of the school,six pence per head,the head of a page,to come to a head,to the head of a page,to come to a h
11、ead,to lose onelose one s head,six head of cattles head,six head of cattle Though these senses have little in Though these senses have little in common,they all derive from special common,they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a application of the central idea of hea
12、d as a part of the body.part of the body.第8页/共42页2)Concatenation2)Concatenation连锁型连锁型连锁型连锁型n nConcatenation Concatenation is is a a semantic semantic process process in in which which the the meaning meaning of of a a word word moves moves gradually gradually away away from from its its first first
13、sense sense by by successive successive shifts shifts until until there there is is no no connection connection between between the the sense sense that that is is finally finally developed and the primary meaning.developed and the primary meaning.第9页/共42页Concatenationn nThe word treacle is an illus
14、trative example:(1)wild beast;n n(2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts;n n(3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison;n n(4)any effective remedy;n n(5)(BrE)molasses.第10页/共42页n n例1:board:木板餐桌会议桌董事会n n例2:candidate:穿白袍的人身着白袍申请职位的人候选人第11页/共42页5.2 Homonymyn nHomonyms are generally defined as words diffe
15、rent in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.第12页/共42页1)Types of homonymsPerfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音完全同形同音异义词异义词Homographs同形异义词Homophones同音异义词 Of the three types,homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.第13页/共42页 Perfe
16、ct homonyms n nPerfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning,e.g.n nbank n the edge of the river,lake,etc.n nbank n an establishment for money business n nbear n a large heavy animal n nbear v to put up with 第14页/共42页Homograph Identical only in spelling but
17、 different in Identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning,e.g.sound and meaning,e.g.n nbow/bau/n bending the head as a bow/bau/n bending the head as a greeting greeting n nbow/bcu/n the device used for shooting bow/bcu/n the device used for shooting arrows arrows n nsaw/scu/v to sc
18、atter seeds saw/scu/v to scatter seeds n nsow/sau/n female adult pig sow/sau/n female adult pig 第15页/共42页Homophone Identical only in sound but different in spelling and Identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning,e.g.meaning,e.g.n ndear/dic/n a loved person dear/dic/n a loved perso
19、n n ndeer/dic/n a kind of animal deer/dic/n a kind of animal n nson/s?n/n a male child of someone son/s?n/n a male child of someone n nsun/s?n/n the heavenly body from which the earth gets sun/s?n/n the heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and lightwarmth and light 第16页/共42页2)Origins of ho
20、monymsChange in sound and spelling 读音和拼写演变的结果读音和拼写演变的结果Borrowing 借入外来词的结果借入外来词的结果 Shortening 词语缩略的结果词语缩略的结果第17页/共42页homonyms and polysemants Perfect homonyms and polysemants are Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and fully identical with regard to spelling a
21、nd pronunciation.This creates the problem pronunciation.This creates the problem of differentiation.of differentiation.第18页/共42页Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants n n The fundamental difference between homonyms and The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fac
22、t that the former refers to polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has and the latter is the one and same word which has several disti
23、nguishable meanings.several distinguishable meanings.第19页/共42页important criterionn n One important criterion is to see their etymology,i.e.One important criterion is to see their etymology,i.e.homonyms are from different sources whereas a homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is f
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