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1、COMMENTARYOpen AccessShould we treat sepsis-induced DIC withanticoagulants?AbstractBackground:Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)is a common complication in sepsis because of crosstalkbetween the immune system and the coagulation system.Several anticoagulant agents have been tested in anatte
2、mpt to improve the survival of patients with sepsis and sepsis-induced DIC.Here,we discuss the rationaleagainst using anticoagulation therapy in septic DIC.Main body of the abstract:Coagulopathy and DIC are associated with increased mortality in sepsis.Severalanticoagulant agents have been tested in
3、 an attempt to improve the survival of patients with sepsis and sepsis-induced DIC,but have proven largely ineffective.This is because of two major factors.First,the coagulation systemis complex and closely related to the immune system.When we manipulate one of the factors involved in thesesystems,w
4、e may disturb the delicate homeostasis between them.A second factor may be failure to identifypatients who will benefit from anticoagulation therapy.This may be attributed partly to the fact that there is nogold standard for the diagnosis of DIC,and there are consequently several diagnostic criteria
5、,none of which arespecifically designed for sepsis-induced DIC.Application of precision medicine,of the kind currently being appliedin other intensive care fields,may be the key to overcoming these challenges.Until we know the precise targetpopulation,we should not use anticoagulation therapy in sep
6、sis-induced DIC outside a research setting.Short conclusion:There is no strong evidence to support the effectiveness of routine anticoagulation therapy insepsis-induced DIC,and it should not be used clinically until more is known regarding the population of patientswho may benefit from it.Keywords:D
7、isseminated intravascular coagulation,Sepsis,Anticoagulation,Immunothrombosis,Precision medicineBackgroundDisseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)is an ac-quired syndrome characterized by delocalized intravascularactivation of coagulation arising from a range of differentcauses 1.If sufficiently
8、severe,it can lead to organ dys-function and death.DIC is frequently seen in sepsis becausethe immune system and coagulation system closely interactwith each other 2.Coagulopathy and DIC are associatedwith increased mortality in sepsis 3,4.Therefore,severalanticoagulant agents have been tested in an
9、 attempt toimprove the survival of patients with sepsis and sepsis-induced DIC.Here,rationales against using anticoagulationtherapy in septic DIC are discussed.Main textObservational studies suggest a link between the severityofcoagulopathy,organdysfunction,anddeathinpatients with sepsis 3,4.Therefo
10、re,it is not surprisingthat several anticoagulant agents have been tested in anattempt to improve the survival of patients with sepsisand sepsis-induced DIC.Such attempts have been un-successful in improving survival in sepsis and septicshock 5,6.By network meta-analysis,Yatabe et al.showed no signi
11、ficant differences in mortality risk whena placebo and four anticoagulants(antithrombin,throm-bomodulin,heparin,or protease inhibitors)were com-pared in patients with sepsis-induced DIC 6.Recently,Vincent et al.reported the results of the SCARLET(Sepsis Coagulopathy Asahi Recombinant LE Thrombo-modu
12、lin)phase 3 trial 7.The inclusion criteria of theSCARLET study were based on a post hoc analysis of arandomized placebo-controlled phase 2b study,in which The Author(s).2020 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License(http:/cre
13、ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),which permits unrestricted use,distribution,andreproduction in any medium,provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s)and the source,provide a link tothe Creative Commons license,and indicate if changes were made.The Creative Commons Public Domain
14、 Dedication waiver(http:/creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)applies to the data made available in this article,unless otherwise stated.Correspondence:yuinatawch.opho.jpDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine,Osaka Womens and ChildrensHospital,840 Murodo-cho,Izumi,Osaka 594-1101,JapanInata Jour
15、nal of Intensive Care (2020)8:18 https:/doi.org/10.1186/s40560-020-0435-8recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin(rhsTM)had a non-significant effect on the 28-day mortality ratein patients with sepsis and suspected DIC(17.8%vs21.6%in the placebo group)8.Despite including onlypatients with sepsis-ass
16、ociated coagulopathy,the SCARLETtrial failed to demonstrate a reduction in 28-day all-causemortality.Incorporating then-unpublished results of theSCARLET trial,Yamakawa et al.conducted a systematic re-view and meta-analysis of the effects of rhsTM on sepsis-induced coagulopathy 9;reduction in the ri
17、sk of all-cause28-day mortality in the rhsTM group was not significantlydifferent compared to the control group(relative risk,0.87;95%confidence interval,0.741.03;p=0.10).Why have anticoagulants failed to demonstrate survivalbenefit in sepsis or sepsis-induced DIC?Firstly,the coagu-lation system,tra
18、ditionally divided into an intrinsic andextrinsic pathway,is not as simple as once thought andclosely related to the immune system 10.Immuno-thrombosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism inwhich thrombosis plays a major physiological role in im-mune defense 11.When we manipulate factors involv
19、edin these intertwined systems,we may disturb their delicatehomeostasis unless we understand and control for all un-intended effects.We are all too familiar with the fact thatmany clinical trials involving strategies for modifying thesystemic inflammatory response by targeting endogenousmediator mol
20、ecules have produced negative results 12.Secondly,there has been a failure to identify patients whowould benefit from anticoagulation therapy.The disap-pointing results of the SCARLET trial could be explainedby the fact that sepsis-associated coagulopathy is not thesame as sepsis-induced DIC;coagulo
21、pathy is common insepsis but does not necessarily lead to the development ofa widespread coagulopathy that meets the diagnostic cri-teria of DIC 3.A meta-analysis of randomized controlledtrials of anticoagulant therapies in sepsis demonstrated asurvival benefit with anticoagulation only in the subgr
22、oupof patients with sepsis-induced DIC,but not in the popu-lation with sepsis-associated coagulopathy 5.In the edi-torial accompanying the SCARLET trial report 13,it isnoted that failure to identify patients who were more likelyto respond favorably to rhsTM could partially explain thelack of efficac
23、y for rhsTM in reducing mortality.However,this does not mean that rhsTM is proven to be effective inreducing mortality when used in patients with confirmedsepsis-induced DIC,and physicians should be reminded ofthe difficulty of identifying patients who may benefit fromrhsTM.Difficulty identifying th
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