语言学知识点+整理_计算机-C++资料.pdf
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1、 1 第 一 单 元 What is linguistics?什 么 是 语 言 学?Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.It studies not any particular language,but languages in general.The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics 语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社会
2、语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Applied linguistics 应用语言学 Phonetics语 音 学:the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics Phonology 音系学:as linguists became interested in how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communicat
3、ion,they developed another branch of study related to sounds called phonology.Morphology形态学:the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.Syntax 句法学:the combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages i
4、s governed by rules,the study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistics studies Semantics 语义学:the study of meaning was gradually developed and became known as semantics Pragmatics 语用学:when the study of meaning is conducted,not in isolaion,but in the context of use,it becomes another b
5、ranch of linguistic study called pragmatics Sociolinguistics 社会语言学:the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics心理语言学:Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology Applied linguist
6、ics应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability.the study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics Other related branchs include anthropological linguistics,neurological linguistics,mathem
7、atical linguistics,and computational linguistics.Some important distinctions in linguistics。人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学 1.Prescriptive vs Descriptive规定性与描述性 Descriptive:a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.Prescriptive:it aims lay down rules for“correct”behavior.Moder
8、n linguistics is descriptive;its investigations are based on authentic,and mainly spoken data.Traditional grammar is prescriptive;it is based on“high”written language 2.Synchronic vs.diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a lan
9、guage as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics,synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.3.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:(1)speech precedes writing in terms of ev
10、olution(2)a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing(3)speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language 4.Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the rea
11、lization of language in actual use 5.Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance:the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language?什么是语言?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal s
12、ymbols used for human communication Characteristics of language:语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary(the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language.This conventiona
13、l nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeares play“Romeo and Juliet”:“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”)Language is used for human communication Design features of language 语言的甄别特征 American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:1)arbit
14、rariness 武断性 2)productivity 创造性 3)duality 二重性 4)displacement移位性 5)cultural transmission 文化传递性 单元二 Two major media of communication:speech and writing The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the 2 phonic medium of language.
15、用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音,这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。Phonetics 语音学:is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.Three branches of phonetics:articulatory phonetics 发音语音学(most highly developed),auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 and acoustic pho
16、netics 声学语音学 Articulation phonetics(发音语音学):How a speaker uses his speech organs articulate the sounds.Auditory phonetics(听觉语音学):How a hearer perceives the sounds.Acoustic(声学语音学):How the sounds are transmitter.Organs of speech 发音器官 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three im
17、portant areas or cavities:The pharyngeal cavity咽腔-the throat The oral cavity口腔-the mouth The nasal cavity 鼻腔-the nose Vibration of the vocal cords(声带)results in a quality of speech sounds called“voicing”浊音,which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。单词补充:01)velum:The soft palate.软腭 02
18、)uvula:A small,conical,fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate.小舌,悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块 03)larynx:n.喉 04)vocal cord:声带 05)membrane:n.A thin,pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions,structures,or organs of an animal or a plant.膜薄而柔软的组织层,覆盖在
19、表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官 06)the soft palate:软腭 07)the hard palate:硬腭 08)the teeth ridge:齿龈 09)alveolus:A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽颚骨处的牙床 10)the teeth:牙齿 11)the lips:上下唇 12)blade of tongue:舌面 13)back of tongue:舌根 14)pharyngeal cavity:咽腔 15)nasal cavity:鼻腔 16)velar:Articulated with the back of the to
20、ngue touching or near the soft palate,as(g)in good and(k)in cup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的,如在 good 中的(g)以及在 cup 中的(k)17)the tip of the tongue:舌尖 18)the upper front teeth:上齿 19)the roof of the mouth:上颚 20)the lower lip:下唇 International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)The vowels(monophthongs and diphthongs)元音(单元音&双
21、元音)The constants 辅音 Broad transcription:transcription with letter-symbols only.(in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法,这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。Narrow transcription:the transcription with diacritics.但实际上,同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同,比如Pit 和 spit 中的/P/音发音就不一样。在宽式标音的基础上,再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发
22、音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。Classification of English speech sounds英语语音的分类 vowels and constants The basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat,the nose,or the mouth,while in that of
23、 the latter it is obstructed in one way or another.Consonants:the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air steam at some point of the vocal tract.Vowels:the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vo
24、cal tract without obstruction.Classification of English constants Classification in two ways:in terms of manner of articulation:stops,fricatives,affricates,nasals,liquids,glides.:in terms of place of articulation:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,glottal.Classification of English vo
25、wels:the position of the tongue in the mouth舌位高低(classification of 3 groups:front,central,and back):the openness of the mouth,口的张开程度(classification of 4 言学语音学音系学形态学句法学语义学语用学社会语言学心理语言学应用语言学人类学神经语言学数理语言学计算语言学规定性与描述性共时性与历史性口头语与书面语语言与言语能力与运用什么是语言语言的特性语言的甄别特征音发音就不一样在宽标音的基础上再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做
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