2022年新编简明英语语言学教程术语Definition .pdf
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1、Acoustic phonetics :It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various gramma
2、tical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.Allophone : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.Antonymy : Antonymy refers to the relation
3、of oppositeness of meaning.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of languag
4、e. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsArgument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearers point of view. It studi
5、es how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are
6、called complete homonyms. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning
7、of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Compounding:Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.Constatives: were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable.Context: General
8、ly speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types, the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in
9、which linguistic communication is taking place.Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose
10、 or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.Coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -
11、- 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 4 页added to an existing form to create a word.Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
12、 Diachronic: (study)the description of a language as it changes through time.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. D-structure:D-structure is the
13、 level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.Grammatical relations: The structural and logical functio
14、nal relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. Homographs : When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.Homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are c
15、alled homophones Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Illocutionary act: is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something.Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology
16、studies the inflectionsInternational phonetic alphabet:It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.Language : is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a spe
17、ech community. It is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.Linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.Linguistics : it is gen
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