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1、.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahig
2、h3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,re
3、searcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acredibleperson
4、andadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“Whatsinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechi
5、ldrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.AonBlikeCforDfrom2.AfaithBconcernCattentionDinterest3.AbenefitBdebtChopeDprice4.ATheref
6、oreBThenCInsteadDAgain5.AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6.AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7.AconsultBcompeteCconnectDcompare8.AatBbyCofDto9.AcontextBmoodCperiodDcircle10.AcounterpartsBsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11.AFunnyBLuckyCOddDIronic12.AmonitorBprotectCsurpriseDdelight13.AbetweenBwithinCtowa
7、rdDover14.AtransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrusted15.AoutBbackCaroundDinside16.AdiscoveredBprovedCinsistedD.remembered17.AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocked 18.AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19.AIncontrastBAsaresultCOnthewholeDForinstance20.AinflexibleBincapableCunreliableDunsuitableSectionIIReadingCom
8、prehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?
9、Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringhav
10、earousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorej
11、obsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingedu
12、cationandjobtraining.Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcoul
13、dmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepr
14、eneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought
15、.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand
16、careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?ALeadingpoliticians.BLow-wagelaborers.CRobotowners.DMiddle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthorsview?AWorrie
17、saboutautomationareinfactgroundless.BOptimistsopinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.CIssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackledDNegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided23.EducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasisonAcreativepotential.Bjob-huntingskills.Cindividualneeds.Dcooperativespirit.24.Th
18、eauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedatAencouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.Bincreasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.Ceasingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.Dpreventingtheincomegapfromwidening. 25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwithAopposingviewsonit.Bpossiblesolutionstoit.Citsalarmingimpacts.Di
19、tsmajorvariations.Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrumpsuseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresidentssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyhead
20、lines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.Andasurveyconducte
21、dforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.They
22、cross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustra
23、lia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeoplesrelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuser
24、stobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasoci
25、almedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskillsandin
26、theirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia. 26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtsonAthejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.Bpeoplespreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.Ctheadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.Dsocialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.27.Thephrase“beerup”(Line2,
27、Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeopleAtendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.Bverifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.Chavesstrongsenseofresponsibility.Dliketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthe
28、fakenewsproblemisAreadersoutdatedvalues.BjournalistsbiasedreportingCreadersmisinterpretationDjournalistsmade-upstories.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineBACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendCTheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.D
29、ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests. Text3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtoheal
30、thcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavag
31、ueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunne
32、cessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processedit.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitis
33、processingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofani
34、ndividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthatthey
35、willbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoid
36、afutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenhamsreportisawelcomestart.31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?AItcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.BItfailedtopaydueattentiontopatientsrights.CItfellshortofthelattersexpectationsDItputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenhamsverdictw
37、ithAemptypromises.Btoughresistance.Cnecessaryadjustments.Dsincereapologies. 33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2thatAprivacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.Bleakingpatientsdataisworsethansellingit.Cmakingprofitsfrompatientsdataisillegal.Dthevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparag
38、raph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealisAtheviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.Btheineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.Ctheuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.Dthemonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.35.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareisAambiguous.Bcautious.Cappreciative.Dcontemptuous.Text4TheU.S.Po
39、stalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureonthe
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