sc曼哈顿语法(39页).doc
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1、-sc曼哈顿语法-第 39 页1.添加关键例句(EG)方便理解,其中对比的部分和manhattan原版一样例句加注下划线或大写;2.我认为比较生僻和重要的语法点用黑体加粗;3.把原版曼哈顿总计14章内容压缩到了12章,4.每章内容所对应的OG12, Verbal Review, Verbal OG 2题号以橙色斜体标出。一、SC 的做题方法与原则1、不是找对的,而是选最好的。2、方法:排除法,首先在稿纸上写下所有选项,然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组,根据各组的不同特点划去错误的,比较剩余选项,针对区别进行判断,剩下最好的。3、做改错题时,首先应通读句子,找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情
2、况下,句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。4、GMC 原则:grammar, meaning and concision, including:主谓一致,平行,代词,修饰,动词时态、语态和主被动,比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁GMAT改错题关键的三个要点,顺序依次为:STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确STEP 3、是否简洁(一) 意思1、正确用词Economic-经济的; economical-节约的;合算的;有效的Aggravate-加重,恶化; aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as 被认为是,很著名; known to be-被承认know
3、n for known for详细因而闻名Loss of 失去;loss in-贬值Mandate-命令;have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- 一个人出生在某地 ;native to 一个人来自某地Range of 多种的; ranging-变化 Rate of 速度或频率; rates for 价格Rise 上升,形容无方向,单纯上升; raise-(打赌或工资)上涨,有方向Such as 比如; like-好像(举例只能用such as, 不能用like)Try to do 努力去完成; try doing 尝试去做 impale-刺穿;impel-逼迫unqual
4、ifying与unqualified(from manhattan)unqualifying释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification没有达到一些合格的标准unqualified释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation 没有任何限制2、情态动词(1)当原句意思上没有问题时,忠实原句,不做任何修改,即使修改过来也成立。Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.Hypothetical: If Chr
5、is and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.(2)当原句意思上有问题时,要替换为相对好点的那个。EG:should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”,而不是“好像”的意思。3、词在句中的位置(1)要关注一些重点词,all, only;位置不同句子意思也不一样。EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.(2)关注句子的整体顺序,是否会产生歧义;EG:主被动语序强调的对象不同。(3)在英语中,一般主语会放在谓语前面,因此一般不会用倒装结构
6、,除非开头是否定词。定语从句中,一般不用倒装。例如:OG129。4、搭配句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。(二) 简洁 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点,只有在语法和意思都无误的情况,才选择最简洁的;换言之,如果语法无问题,即使很长也会比一个语法有问题,很短的句子好。 GMAT语法题中,如果一个词可以搞定的意思,不要用一个短语,EG: differ好于havedifference inWordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKEINVESTMENTS in new technologies.Bet
7、ter: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.切忌冗余:1、在一个句子中,不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try;other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;including-among; have to require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to2、注意being、hav
8、ing,虽然二者大多数情况是错的,但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误,使得此类选项稍好一点。在OG中还不是很明显,prep中尤为明显3、注意修饰时间的词过去:previously; formerly; in the past; before现在:now; currently; presently; at present;每年的:annual; each year; a yearEG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达,意思不如not accompanied 清晰;另外关于什么的增长,一般的用法是increase in sth,而不是increased sth12th Ed
9、ition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72三、主语与谓语每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语(动词),且主语和谓语要一致。(一)连词开头的句子一定要有主句,否则是错误的。EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误,缺乏一个主句(二)主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致EG: The development of a hydrogen car based on expec
10、ted performance parameters will beable to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles)(三)容易引起 主语不明显的两个情况1. 插入语:在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分2前置短语:在主语之前放一些修饰成分EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.说明:从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分,类似大形容词,大名词或大副词(四)and 和表示连接的词1
11、. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构,谓语动词要用复数。2. 其他连接性的词(along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including,)连接不同的名词,只是起着修饰的作用,不会改变主语的单复数,不影响谓语动词。3. 一些表示学科的词(physics, mathematics)、一些活动(aerobics)和一些疾病(diabetes)虽然以S结尾,仍属于单数名词,谓语动词用单数。(五)either or, neither nor1. 就近原则:离谓语动词近的是单数,谓语动词就用单数;复数就用复数EG: Nei
12、ther the coach nor the players are going to the beach.2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor,则谓语动词一定要用单数 EG: Neither the children is going to school .(六)集合性名词:一般被认为是单数名词,看做一个整体,跟单数谓语People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit,
13、 furniture(七)非限制性的代词,一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,something, everyone, whatever, whoever但是如下几个特殊情况,需要根据内容确定单复数:some, any, none, all ,more/most, partEG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.Some of the documents were stolen from the ba
14、nk.None of可以使复数也可以是单数,但是not one of 一定是单数(八)each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用单数,复数之后用复数EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.(九)量词A number of +复数主语+复数谓语The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语Majority, minority, and plurality , fractions& percentages要考虑of结构后面是单数还是复数,从而决定谓语动词的单数还是复数。根据其修饰的主语决定
15、其单复数(十)短语或者从句:从句:以who, why, how, whether或that引导主语从句,谓语动词用单数 例:Why she did this is not known. 而what引导的从句,要看what后面名词的状况来确定。且整个句子的主语,也需what从句中所涉及对象的数量,来帮助确认。(What is difficult to understand is A. What are difficult to understand are A,B, and C.)Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.Whatever they wan
16、t to do is fine with me.注意:当判断倒装句的单复数,要看谓语动词后名词(主语)的单复数定语从句内结构最好不用倒装OG 68: sth that be,当前面的sth做主语的时候, that be一般要省略,否则不符合英文表达习惯;另外,诸如evidence之类的词,后面要跟that从句。(十一)倒装:主语的单复数向后看EG:1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, in
17、habited by squatters.2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current co
18、mputerpastimes.Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.总结:当不确定是单数还是复数的时候 选单数,几率高11. Just around the corner were a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.12th Edit
19、ion: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65四、平行结构(一)平行结构的标志词And, but ,both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to(二)平行元素1.有时候be, can, to会被省略掉2.平行结构开始于同一个词(三)AND:最重要,GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相
20、对独立句中的and前加逗号。如果 and 链接两个句子,可选择是否添加逗号;(四)一些常见的并列习语A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X
21、 Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y(五)系动词两边的成分要并列Be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay,taste, turnWrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. 逻辑不合理Right: The bou
22、quet of flowers WAS a gift of love.12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46五、代词代词是GMAT中最常见的考点,每次见到代词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。(一)先行词必须存在注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用,这样的名词不能作为先行词;名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。 N of n结构,有时可以EG: The park rangers discussed measure
23、s to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastatingto it. It无指代对象,因为park在此处是形容词。 避免歧义就只能重复名词parkWrong: The board is investigating several executives compensation packagesin order to determine how much may have been improperly awardedto THEM.Them 不能指代所有格的executivesBetter: The board is investiga
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