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1、1 1 2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on ou
2、r smart phone_1_ of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones_2_on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize._3_you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you _4_cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5_to civilization, one of which is to follow t
3、he land. When you find yourself well_6_ a trail, but not in a completely _7_area, you have to answer two questions: Which _8_is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9_, if you head downhill, a
4、nd follow any H2O you find, you should _10_see signs of people. If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou may be _11_how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another_12_:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation._13_,even i
5、n dense forest, you should able to _14_gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve_15_ the woods. Head toward these _16_ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for _17_ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light polluti
6、on. _18_,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the _19_we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can _20_you to civilization. 1. A SomeB MostC FewD All 2. A putB takeC runD come 3. A SinceB IfC ThoughD Until 4. A formallyB relativelyC gradual
7、lyD literally 5. A backB nextC aroundD away 6. A ontoB offC acrossD alone 7. A unattractiveB uncrowdedC unchangedD unfamiliar 8. A siteB pointC wayD place 9. A SoB YetC InsteadD Besides 10.A immediatelyB intentionallyC unexpectedlyD eventually 11.A surprisedB annoyedC frightenedD confused 12.A probl
8、emB optionC viewD result 13.AAbove allB In contrastC On averageD For example 14.A bridgeB avoidC spotD separate 15.A formB throughC beyondD under 16.A postsB linksC shadesD breaks 17.A artificialB mysteriousC hiddenD limited 18.A FinallyB ConsequentlyC incidentallyD Generally 19.A memoriesB marksC n
9、otesD belongings 20.A restrictB adoptC leadD expose 2 2 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 Financial regulators in Britain have imp
10、osed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to re
11、store public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly trad
12、ed companies, says the Bank of Englands top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten l
13、ast. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up
14、customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism” In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense
15、 of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “sho
16、rt -termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance . Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareho
17、lders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company. Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britains new rule
18、 is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term. 21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the A. enhance bankerssense of responsibility B. help corporations achieve larger profits C. build a new
19、 system of financial regulation D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives 22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate A. the conditions for generating quick profits B. governmentsimpatience in decision-making C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies D. “short-termism” in economic activities
20、 23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary 24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”. B. the significance of long-term thinking. 3 3 C. the approaches t
21、o promoting “long-termism”. D. the prevalence of short-term thinking. 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers Text 2 Grade in
22、flationthe gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called
23、“grade forgiveness” is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA. The use of this little-known practice has accelerated
24、in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they stru
25、ggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself a
26、nd more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State Universitys registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents
27、 or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.” That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies collegesown needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better g
28、rades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end of the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges. Indeed, grade forgiveness is just
29、another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be. On this, studentsan
30、d colleges incentives seem to be aligned. 26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? A. The change of course catalogs. B. Studentsindifference to GPAS. C. Collegesneglect of GPAS. D. The influence of consumer culture. 27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? A. To
31、help freshmen adapt to college learning. B. To maintain collegesgraduation rates. C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future. D. To increase universities income from tuition. 28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to A. obtain more financial support. B. boost their stu
32、dent enrollments. 4 4 C. improve their teaching quality. D. meet local governments needs. 29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean? A. To counterbalance each other. B. To complement each other. C. To be identical with each other. D. To be contradictory to each oth
33、er. 30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by A. assessing its feasibility. B. analyzing the causes behind it. C. comparing different views on it. D. listing its long-run effects. Text 3 This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Pr
34、ometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundament
35、al questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?” What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move,
36、 and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”. Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation wh
37、ere there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.” But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers som
38、etimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginabl
39、e driving situation is a difficult programming problem. Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI
40、. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring. On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to
41、 develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI syst
42、ems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster. 31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is ment
43、ioned because it A. fascinates Al scientists all over the world. B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years. C. involves some concerns raised by Al today. D. has sparked serious ethical controversies 5 5 32. In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness A. helps explain ar
44、tificial intelligence. B. can be misleading to robot making. C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series. D.is too limited for us to reproduce it 33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles A. can hardly ever be found. B.is still beyond our capacity. C. causes little public concern
45、. D. has aroused much curiosity. 34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledges is one of A. affirmation B. skepticism. C. contempt D. respect. 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A.Als Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting theAge ofA
46、l C. The Conscience ofAI: Complex But Inevitable D.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control Text 4 States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win
47、 for states. The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said th
48、at if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they wer
49、ent charged it, but most didnt realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited state ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in man
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