(王平)Teachingvocabular.ppt
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1、Wang Ping Anqing Teachers CollegeHow to teach vocabulary词汇教学词汇教学Menu n n词汇教学的地位n n词汇教学的研究n n词汇教学的方法n n词汇教学的原则词汇教学的地位词汇教学的地位nDavid Wilkins(1972):n Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.n n“If you spend most of your time studying grammar,your English wi
2、ll not improve very much.You will see most improvement if you learn more words and expressions.You can say very little with grammar,but you can say almost anything with words.”n n Dellar H and Hocking D n nResearch About Vocabularyn n Kindergarten students vocabulary size is a predictor Kindergarten
3、 students vocabulary size is a predictor of comprehension in middle school(Scarborough,1998)of comprehension in middle school(Scarborough,1998)n n Students with poor vocabulary by third grade have Students with poor vocabulary by third grade have declining text comprehension scores in fourth and fif
4、th declining text comprehension scores in fourth and fifth grade(grade(ChallChall,Jacobs,&Baldwin,1990),Jacobs,&Baldwin,1990)n n A school emphasis on word identification skills in the A school emphasis on word identification skills in the early grades without emphasis on books with early grades with
5、out emphasis on books with challenging vocabulary results in poor reading challenging vocabulary results in poor reading comprehension in middle elementary students comprehension in middle elementary students(Becker,1977)(Becker,1977)n n Vocabulary instruction has a strong connection to Vocabulary i
6、nstruction has a strong connection to comprehension(comprehension(McKeownMcKeown,Beck,Beck,OmansonOmanson,&,&PerfettiPerfetti,1983)1983)n n Pre-instruction of words gave students 33 percent Pre-instruction of words gave students 33 percent greater contextual understanding(Jenkins,Stein,&greater cont
7、extual understanding(Jenkins,Stein,&WysockiWysocki,1984),1984)ComprehensionDependsonKnowingWordMeaningsn nVocabularyknowledgeisstronglyrelatedtooverallreadingVprehension.n nIfawordisdecodedandpronouncedbuttheIfawordisdecodedandpronouncedbutthemeaningmeaningisnotisnotrecognized,comprehensionwillbeimp
8、aired.recognized,comprehensionwillbeimpaired.n nIfawordisnotrecognizedautomaticallyandefficientlyIfawordisnotrecognizedautomaticallyandefficiently(fluentlyfluently),comprehension,mayalsobeaffected.),comprehension,mayalsobeaffected.n nKnowledgeofawordsmeaningalsofacilitatesaccuratewordKnowledgeofawor
9、dsmeaningalsofacilitatesaccuratewordrecognition.recognition.词汇教学的研究词汇教学的研究n n1.Thewidthofvocabulary Table 1:Vocabulary size and text coverage Table 1:Vocabulary size and text coverage in the Brown corpusin the Brown corpus n n100072%100072%n n200079.7%200079.7%n n300084%300084%n n400086.8%400086.8%n
10、 n500088.7%500088.7%n n600089.9%600089.9%n n1585197.8%1585197.8%世界部分国家中学外语词汇量设置国国 家家 中学词汇量中学词汇量 俄罗斯俄罗斯 9 9,000000个个 西班牙西班牙 6 6,000000个个 日日 本本 5 5,500500个个 南朝鲜南朝鲜 5 5,000000个个 中中 国国 1 1,960960个个 n n我国3090年代中学外语词汇量n n时时 间间 中学词汇量中学词汇量 19361936年年 8 8,000000个个 19411941年年 7 7,000000个个 19481948年年 6 6,00000
11、0个个 19511951年年 5 5,000000个个 19631963年年 3 3,500-4500-4,000000个个 19781978年年 2 2,800800个个 19961996年年 1 1,960960个个 2400-2500 2400-2500 单词单词单词单词1500-1600 1500-1600 单词单词单词单词一门外语过关一门外语过关一门外语过关一门外语过关600-700 600-700 单词单词单词单词二级二级五级五级六级六级七级七级八级八级九级九级六年级结束时的六年级结束时的要求要求九年级结束时的九年级结束时的要求要求普通高中毕业普通高中毕业要求要求课程词汇要求课程词
12、汇要求顺序顺序选修选修课程课程 必修必修课程课程ThesizeofEnglishvocabularyn nThereareapproximately600,000wordsinEnglishn nHoweveronlyarelativelysmallnumberappearinprintfrequently,andthesewordsareknownashigh-frequencywordsorsightwords.n nOnly13 wordsaccountformorethan25%ofthewordsinprint.(a,and,for,he,is,in,it,of,that,the,t
13、o,was,you),and100wordsaccountforapproximately50%.n nTheDolchBasicSightVocabularyWordlistcontains220 words(nonouns).Thesewordsaccountformorethan50%ofthewordsfoundintextbooks.n nManyhigh-frequencywordsarefunctionwordswhichcarrylittlemeaning.n nChildrenwillpickupfunctionwordsthroughcontinuedexposureand
14、useindifferentcontexts.n nContentwordscanbetaughtincarefullyplannedwaysandcanbelinkedtonetworksofmeaning.n nReceptiveandproductivewordsn nHighandlowfrequencywords.n nTierOneTierOneBasic,High-frequencyBasic,High-frequencyn nTierTwoTierTwoHigh-frequencyandutilityforHigh-frequencyandutilityformaturelan
15、guageusers,butyoungstudentsmaturelanguageusers,butyoungstudentshavevocabularynecessarytotalkaboutthehavevocabularynecessarytotalkabouttheconceptsconceptsn nTierThreeTierThreeLow-frequency,usuallycontentLow-frequency,usuallycontentspecificspecificn n词汇量少的负面影响:1)影响到以后阶段的英语学习.2)影响语言技能的全面发展。3)影响思想的准确表达。
16、4)词汇量太小缺乏挑战性。2.The depth of vocabulary 2.The depth of vocabulary n nWhatisvocabularyknowledge?Whatisvocabularyknowledge?n nVocabularyknowledgeisacriticalfeatureofreadingVocabularyknowledgeisacriticalfeatureofreadingability(ability(KodaKoda,1989;Nation&Coady,1988;Stanovich,1989;Nation&Coady,1988;Stan
17、ovich,1986)1986)n nKnowledgeofanewwordKnowledgeofanewword(NationNation,1990)1990)n nForm-spokenandwrittenForm-spokenandwrittenn nPosition-grammaticalpatternsandPosition-grammaticalpatternsandcollocationscollocationsn nFunction-frequencyandFunction-frequencyandappropriatenessappropriatenessn nMeaning
18、-conceptandassociationsMeaning-conceptandassociations What does it mean to know a word?1.Form-spokenandwritten,thatispronunciationandspelling.2.Wordstructure-thebasicfreemorpheme(orboundrootmorpheme)andthecommonderivationsofthewordsanditsinflections.3.Syntactic-patternofthewordinaphraseandsentence.4
19、.Meaning-referential,affective,andpragmatic5.Lexical-relationofthewordwithotherwords,suchassynonymy,antonymy,hyponymy.6.Commoncollocations.Laufer(1997)NieceNephewDenotativeMeaningWe use to label things as regards real objects,such as a name or a sign,etc.in the physical world.cousindogDragonConnotat
20、iveMeaningThe attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or readers interpretation of the word.HyponymsSynonymsCollocationsAntonymsCollocationsThe words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words.A
21、 good sailor kill time I got it.I got well.Be used to doing.Be apt to do,be apt at doing go Dutch,green hand,rain cats and dogs SynonymsThe items that mean the same,or nearly the same.“big”and“huge”AntonymsThe items that mean the opposite of a word.“cheap”and“expensive”HyponymsThe words which can be
22、 grouped together under the same superordinate concept.“body part”headeyes earsmoutharmslegs Continuumofwordknowledgen nReceptive/passive Receptive/passive n ndoesntrecognizetheworddoesntrecognizethewordn nrecognizestheword(Iveseenitbefore)recognizestheword(Iveseenitbefore)n nrecognizescontextofuse,
23、butnotmeaning(hassomethingtodowithrecognizescontextofuse,butnotmeaning(hassomethingtodowith)n nrecognizesmeaningoftheword:recognizesmeaningoftheword:n nfirstglobalknowledgeinanassociation,firstglobalknowledgeinanassociation,n nnext,onlyonemeaninginonlyonecontext,next,onlyonemeaninginonlyonecontext,n
24、 nthirdmoremeaningsinmorecontexts.thirdmoremeaningsinmorecontexts.n nknowsmeaningbutcannotretrievetheword(the-tip-of-the-tongue).knowsmeaningbutcannotretrievetheword(the-tip-of-the-tongue).n nuseswordincontextuseswordincontextn ninonlyonecontextinonlyonecontextn norinmorecontextsorinmorecontextsn ni
25、sabletodescribethemeaningoftheword:isabletodescribethemeaningoftheword:n nvisualandfunctionalfeatures,visualandfunctionalfeatures,n nsynonymsorantonymssynonymsorantonymsn ngivesverbaldefinition.givesverbaldefinition.n nProductive/active Productive/active n nVocabularyKnowledgeScale(VKS),byParibakhta
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