高考英语阅读词义猜测.ppt
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1、内江市第二中学内江市第二中学 沈爰汐沈爰汐 在语言应用中的在语言应用中的“阅读阅读”一项中,要求考生一项中,要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。并能从中获取相关段以及公告、说明、广告等。并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能:信息。考生应能:(1).理解主旨要义;理解主旨要义;(2).理解文中具体信息;理解文中具体信息;(3).根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;(4).做出判断和推理;做出判断和推理;(5).理解文章的基本结构;理解文章的基本结构;(6).理解作者的意图、观点和态度。理解作者
2、的意图、观点和态度。2018年高考英语考试大纲年高考英语考试大纲考考 试试 大大 纲纲解解 读读 “单词单词和和短语短语”则意味着考查的对象则意味着考查的对象可以是学生学习过的可以是学生学习过的“熟词熟词”(熟词生义熟词生义),也可以是没有学习过的、,也可以是没有学习过的、考试大纲考试大纲之外的之外的“生词生词”(生词词义生词词义);可以是;可以是“单词单词”,还可以是,还可以是“短语短语”(引申意义引申意义)。“词义词义”(meanings)侧重考查单词侧重考查单词的内涵,而的内涵,而“含义含义”(implications)还还考查单词的外延。考查单词的外延。因此对单词或短语的推测因此对单词
3、或短语的推测不要停留在不要停留在字面上字面上,而是要,而是要根据语境根据语境来判断。来判断。结结 论论常常 见见 命命 题题 形形 式式1.The underlined word in Parameans _.What does the underlined wordin Para mean?What does the underlined wordinPararefer to?Which of the following words is closestin meaning to the underlined wordin Para?Which of the following can re
4、place the underlined wordin Para?2.The underlined word in Para can best be replaced by _.3.What does the underlined phrase in Para mean/refer to?4.The underlined word“it/they/”in the last sentence of Paramean/refer to _.解解 题题 方方 法法1.利用利用构词法构词法猜词义猜词义.合成法合成法.派生法派生法.转化法转化法3.利用利用语法关系语法关系猜词义猜词义.下定义下定义.定语
5、从句定语从句.同位语同位语.自问自答自问自答.举例举例.标点符号标点符号4.利用利用生活常识生活常识和和文化背景文化背景猜词义猜词义5.利用利用上下文语境上下文语境猜词义猜词义2.利用利用逻辑关系逻辑关系猜词义猜词义.并列关系并列关系.转折关系转折关系.因果关系因果关系方法方法1:利用构词法猜词义利用构词法猜词义 Wordbuilding.合合 成成 法法 Composition 合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规 律组合在一起,形成一个新的单词。一般来说,律组合在一起,形成一个新的单词。一般来说,新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思。新的合成词的
6、意思就是各个组成词的意思。keyboard _ bloodtest _breakthrough _ill-treat _ widespread _record-holder _键盘键盘记录保持者记录保持者广泛流传的广泛流传的虐待,折磨虐待,折磨突破突破验血验血.词缀法词缀法/派生法派生法 Affixation/Derivation 派生法是英语单词的主要构成法,它是通过在派生法是英语单词的主要构成法,它是通过在基础词根基础词根(Root)上添加前缀上添加前缀(Prefix)或者后缀或者后缀(Suffix)来构造新词。来构造新词。imbalance _overestimate _irregula
7、r _pain-killer _approval _止痛片止痛片 n.不不平衡平衡 n.高高估估 vt.批准,同意批准,同意 n.不不规律的规律的 adj.转转 化化 法法 Conversion把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。做转化法。The author emptied all his pockets to find histicket.By noon he had bagged three hares.捕获捕获n.vt.a.vt.掏空掏空He was about the same build as his brother.vt.
8、n.体型体型 (2017全国卷全国卷C篇改编篇改编)The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world works is not the same.n./a.vt.今天的音乐不能以今天的音乐不能以1908年或者年或者1958年年的方式表现出来。的方式表现出来。展现,表现,呈现展现,表现,呈现 方法方法2:利用逻辑关系猜词义:利用逻辑关系猜词义 Logical Relations.并列关系并列关系 coordina
9、tive relation英语中可以使用英语中可以使用and,or,also,asas,just as,similarly,likewise等词语表示相同或者相近的意思等词语表示相同或者相近的意思,这种表示并列的关系中,只要我们认识其中一,这种表示并列的关系中,只要我们认识其中一个单词,就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。个单词,就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。My mother is short and fat.The principal of theschool is almost as plump as my mother,and much shorter.a.丰腴的,微胖的丰腴的,微胖的 (2
10、017全国卷全国卷D篇篇).Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.Q:What does
11、the author mean by“the tables are turned”in Para 3?()A.The attackers get attacked.B.The insects gather under the table.C.The plants get ready to fight back.D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.A.转折关系转折关系 adversative relationin contrast,on the contrary,unlike,however,but,despite,while等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关
12、系的等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的转折,其前后表示相反的意思。同样,我们也可转折,其前后表示相反的意思。同样,我们也可以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思的词汇。的词汇。Unlike the United States where many differentnationalities make up the population,Japans population is quite homogeneous.a.(of the same nationalities)单一民族的单一民族的 Andrew is one of the most sup
13、ercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite modest.a.傲慢的,高傲的傲慢的,高傲的.因果关系因果关系 causal relation英语中使用英语中使用because,since,as,for,so,thus,therefore,as a result等词汇表达因果关系,等词汇表达因果关系,因为因与果具有直接联系,所以也可以用来因为因与果具有直接联系,所以也可以用来猜测词义。猜测词义。Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisio
14、ns without seeking the opinions of others.a.独断专行的独断专行的(2016课标全国卷课标全国卷C篇篇)There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,but youll need a warm,sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it,so its a pipe dream f
15、or most apple lovers who fall for it.Q:What does the underlined phrase“a pipe dream”in Para 3 mean?()A.A practical idea.B.A vain hope.C.A brilliant plan.D.A selfish desire.B方法方法3:利用语法关系猜词义:利用语法关系猜词义 Grammatical relations.下定义下定义 definitionIs,mean,refer to,that is,namely,be called等后的等后的内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明
16、的,可以帮助内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的,可以帮助猜测词义。猜测词义。Do you know what a“territory”is?A territory is an area that an animal,usually the male,claims as its own.n.动物的地盘动物的地盘/领地领地 Pantomime refers to a short play in whichno words are spoken.n.哑剧哑剧.定语从句定语从句 attributive clauseJack is now a florist,who keeps a shop forsel
17、ling flowers in our district.n.花商花商(福建福州一中福建福州一中2017届高考英语第二次模拟试卷届高考英语第二次模拟试卷A篇篇)Eating Customs Being early or on time is viewed as being rude,too eager or even greedy in Venezuela.If you are invited to someones home for a meal,its recommended that you arrive 10 minutes later than the appointed time.
18、When having a meal in Egypt,dont use the salt shaker(盐瓶盐瓶).Its insulting to your host to spread salt on your food,which means that you find the meal terrible.Q:What does the underlined work“insulting”in Para 3 refer to?()A.Respectful B.Challenging C.Indifferent D.OffensiveDa.冒犯的,无理的冒犯的,无理的.同同 位位 语语
19、appositive同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的,所以,同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的,所以,同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。构成同同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接,有时也位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接,有时也直接用直接用逗号逗号分隔开。常用的连接词有分隔开。常用的连接词有that,or,or other,say,that is to say,namely,similarly等。等。Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak
20、 and read intelligently.n.语义学语义学(2017陕西省黄陵中学高三上学期期末考试陕西省黄陵中学高三上学期期末考试A篇篇)A long weekend is a great opportunity to dosomething a little different.Many people use a long weekend for a getaway,a short trip to leave the stress of their everyday lives behind and explore,learn or relax.Q:The underlined wo
21、rd“getaway”in this passage most probably means _.A.an exciting exploration B.an interesting location C.a short vacation D.an unforgettable experienceC .自问自答自问自答self-questioning&self-answeringWhat is plagiarism?It is using others ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is fro
22、m.n.剽窃,抄袭剽窃,抄袭.举举 例例 illustration (2014江西卷江西卷D篇篇)With the communication gadgets,such as mobile phones and ipads,people often donot take the effort to visit one another personally.n.电子产品电子产品某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子,使词汇具体易懂某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子,使词汇具体易懂such as,like,for example,for instance等连接性词等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。语
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