无机化学英文ppt课件:chapter21.ppt
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1、Chapter 21Transition Metals and Coordination ChemistrySection21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved2TransitionMetalsShowgreatsimilaritieswithinagivenperiodaswellaswithinagivenverticalgroup.Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrigh
2、tsreserved3ThePositionoftheTransitionElementsonthePeriodicTableSection21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved4FormingIonicCompoundsMorethanoneoxidationstateisoftenfound.Cationsareoftencomplex ionsspecieswherethetransitionmetalionissurroundedbyacertainnumberofliga
3、nds(Lewisbases).Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved5TheComplexIonCo(NH3)63+Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved6IonicCompoundswithTransitionMetalsMostcompoundsarecoloredbecausethetransitionmetalioninthecom
4、plexioncanabsorbvisiblelightofspecificwavelengths.Manycompoundsareparamagnetic.Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved7ElectronConfigurationsExampleV:Ar4s23d3Exceptions:CrandCuCr:Ar4s13d5Cu:Ar4s13d10Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengage
5、Learning.Allrightsreserved8ElectronConfigurationsFirst-rowtransitionmetalionsdonothave4selectrons.Energyofthe3dorbitalsissignificantlylessthanthatofthe4sorbital.Ti:Ar4s23d2Ti3+:Ar3d1Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved9Whatistheexpectedelectronconfigura
6、tionofSc+?Explain.Ar3d2CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!Section21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved10PlotsoftheFirst(RedDots)andThird(BlueDots)IonizationEnergiesfortheFirst-RowTransitionMetalsSection21.1The Transition Metals:A SurveyCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrigh
7、tsreserved11AtomicRadiiofthe3d,4d,and5dTransitionSeriesSection21.2The First-Row Transition Metals3dtransitionmetalsScandiumchemistrystronglyresembleslanthanidesTitaniumexcellentstructuralmaterial(lightweight)VanadiummostlyinalloyswithothermetalsChromiumimportantindustrialmaterialManganeseproductiono
8、fhardsteelIronmostabundantheavymetalCobaltalloyswithothermetalsNickelplatingmoreactivemetals;alloysCopperplumbingandelectricalapplicationsZincgalvanizingsteelCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved12Section21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsOxidationStatesandSpeciesforVanadiuminAqueousSolutionCop
9、yrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved13Section21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsTypicalChromiumCompoundsCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved14Section21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsSomeCompoundsofManganeseinItsMostCommonOxidationStatesCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved15Section21
10、.2The First-Row Transition MetalsTypicalCompoundsofIronSection21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsTypicalCompoundsofCobaltSection21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsTypicalCompoundsofNickelCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved18Section21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsTypicalCompoundsofCopperSec
11、tion21.2The First-Row Transition MetalsAlloysContainingCopperCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved20Section21.3Coordination CompoundsACoordinationCompoundTypicallyconsistsofacomplexionandcounterions(anionsorcationsasneededtoproduceaneutralcompound):Co(NH3)5ClCl2Fe(en)2(NO2)22SO4K3Fe(CN)6Copyrig
12、htCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved21Section21.3Coordination CompoundsCoordinationNumberNumberofbondsformedbetweenthemetalionandtheligandsinthecomplexion.6and4(mostcommon)2and8(leastcommon)CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved22Section21.3Coordination CompoundsLigandsNeutralmoleculeorionhavinga
13、loneelectronpairthatcanbeusedtoformabondtoametalion.MonodentateligandonebondtoametalionBidentateligand(chelate)twobondstoametalionPolydentateligandmorethantwobondstoametalionCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved23Section21.3Coordination CompoundsCoordinateCovalentBondBondresultingfromtheinterac
14、tionbetweenaLewisbase(theligand)andaLewisacid(themetalion).CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved24Section21.3Coordination CompoundsTheBidentateLigandEthylenediamineandtheMonodentateLigandAmmoniaSection21.3Coordination CompoundsTheCoordinationofEDTAwitha2+MetalIonethylenediaminetetraacetateCopyr
15、ightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved26Section21.3Coordination CompoundsRulesforNamingCoordinationCompounds1.Cationisnamedbeforetheanion.“chloride”goeslast(thecounterion)2.Ligandsarenamedbeforethemetalion.ammonia(ammine)andchlorine(chloro)namedbeforecobaltCo(NH3)5ClCl2Section21.3Coordination Compoun
16、dsRulesforNamingCoordinationCompounds3.Fornegativelychargedligands,an“o”isaddedtotherootnameofananion(suchasfluoro,bromo,chloro,etc.).4.Theprefixesmono-,di-,tri-,etc.,areusedtodenotethenumberofsimpleligands.pentaammineCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved28Co(NH3)5ClCl2Section21.3Coordination C
17、ompoundsRulesforNamingCoordinationCompounds5.TheoxidationstateofthecentralmetalionisdesignatedbyaRomannumeral:cobalt(III)6.Whenmorethanonetypeofligandispresent,theyarenamedalphabetically:pentaamminechloroCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved29Co(NH3)5ClCl2Section21.3Coordination CompoundsRulesf
18、orNamingCoordinationCompounds7.Ifthecomplexionhasanegativecharge,thesuffix“ate”isaddedtothenameofthemetal.Thecorrectnameis:pentaamminechlorocobalt(III)chlorideCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved30Co(NH3)5ClCl2Section21.3Coordination CompoundsNamethefollowingcoordinationcompounds.a)Co(H2O)6Br3
19、b)Na2PtCl4CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved31hexaaquacobalt(III)bromidesodiumtetrachloro-platinate(II)EXERCISE!EXERCISE!Section21.4IsomerismSomeClassesofIsomersSection21.4IsomerismStructuralIsomerismCoordinationIsomerism:Compositionofthecomplexionvaries.Cr(NH3)5SO4BrandCr(NH3)5BrSO4LinkageI
20、somerism:Compositionofthecomplexionisthesame,butthepointofattachmentofatleastoneoftheligandsdiffers.CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved33Section21.4IsomerismLinkageIsomerismofNO2Section21.4IsomerismStereoisomerismGeometricalIsomerism(cis-trans):Atomsorgroupsofatomscanassumedifferentpositionsa
21、roundarigidringorbond.Cissameside(nexttoeachother)Transoppositesides(acrossfromeachother)CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved35Section21.4IsomerismGeometrical(cis-trans)IsomerismforaSquarePlanarCompounda)cisisomerb)transisomerSection21.4IsomerismGeometrical(cis-trans)IsomerismforanOctahedralCo
22、mplexIonCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved37Section21.4IsomerismStereoisomerismOpticalIsomerism:Isomershaveoppositeeffectsonplane-polarizedlight.CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved38Section21.4IsomerismUnpolarizedLightConsistsofWavesVibratinginManyDifferentPlanesCopyrightCengageLearni
23、ng.Allrightsreserved39Section21.4IsomerismTheRotationofthePlaneofPolarizedLightbyanOpticallyActiveSubstanceCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved40Section21.4IsomerismOpticalActivityExhibitedbymoleculesthathavenonsuperimposablemirrorimages(chiralmolecules).Enantiomersisomersofnonsuperimposablemi
24、rrorimages.CopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved41Section21.4IsomerismAHumanHandExhibitsaNonsuperimposableMirrorImageCopyrightCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved42Section21.4IsomerismDoesCo(en)2Cl2Clexhibitgeometricalisomerism?YesDoesitexhibitopticalisomerism?TransformNoCisformYesExplain.Copyrigh
25、tCengageLearning.Allrightsreserved43CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!Section21.5Bonding in Complex Ions:The Localized Electron ModelBondinginComplexIons1.TheVSEPRmodelforpredictingstructuregenerallydoesnotworkforcomplexions.However,assumeacomplexionwithacoordinationnumberof6willhaveanoctahedralarrangemen
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