无机化学英文ppt课件:chapter10.ppt
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1、Chapter 10Liquids and SolidsSection 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved2Intramolecular Bonding“Within”the molecule.Molecules are formed by sharing electrons between the atoms.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved3Intermole
2、cular ForcesForces that occur between molecules.Dipoledipole forcesHydrogen bondingLondon dispersion forcesIntramolecular bonds are stronger than intermolecular forces.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesHydrogen Bonding in WaterBlue dotted lines are the intermolecular forces between the water molecule
3、s.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved5Which are stronger,intramolecular bonds or intermolecular forces?How do you know?CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved6Phase ChangesWhen a substance
4、 changes from solid to liquid to gas,the molecules remain intact.The changes in state are due to changes in the forces among molecules rather than in those within the molecules.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved7Schematic Representations of the Three Stat
5、es of MatterSection 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved8Phase ChangesSolid to LiquidAs energy is added,the motions of the molecules increase,and they eventually achieve the greater movement and disorder characteristic of a liquid.Liquid to GasAs more energy is add
6、ed,the gaseous state is eventually reached,with the individual molecules far apart and interacting relatively little.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved9Densities of the Three States of WaterSection 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All r
7、ights reserved10Dipole-Dipole ForcesDipole moment molecules with polar bonds often behave in an electric field as if they had a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge.Molecules with dipole moments can attract each other electrostatically.They line up so that the positive and negat
8、ive ends are close to each other.Only about 1%as strong as covalent or ionic bonds.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesDipole-Dipole ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved11To play movie you must be in Slide Show ModePC Users:Please wait for content to load,then click to playMac Users:CLI
9、CK HERESection 10.1Intermolecular ForcesHydrogen BondingCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved12Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved13Hydrogen BondingStrong dipole-dipole forces.Hydrogen is bound to a highly electronegative atom nitrogen,oxygen,or f
10、luorine.That same hydrogen is then electrostatically attracted to a lone pair on the nitrogen,oxygen or fluorine on adjacent molecules.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesLondon Dispersion ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved14Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.
11、All rights reserved15London Dispersion ForcesInstantaneous dipole that occurs accidentally in a given atom induces a similar dipole in a neighboring atom.Significant in large atoms/molecules.Occurs in all molecules,including nonpolar ones.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.A
12、ll rights reserved16Melting and Boiling PointsIn general,the stronger the intermolecular forces,the higher the melting and boiling points.Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved17The Boiling Points of the Covalent Hydrides of the Elements in Groups 4A,5A,6A,an
13、d 7ASection 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved18Which molecule is capable of forming stronger intermolecular forces?N2 H2O Explain.CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved19Draw two Lewis structur
14、es for the formula C2H6O and compare the boiling points of the two molecules.CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!Section 10.1Intermolecular ForcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved20Which gas would behave more ideally at the same conditions of P and T?CO or N2 Why?CONCEPT CHECK!CONCEPT CHECK!Sec
15、tion 10.2The Liquid StateLiquidsLow compressibility,lack of rigidity,and high density compared with gases.Surface tension resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area:Liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to have high surface tensions.Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserv
16、ed21Section 10.2The Liquid StateLiquidsCapillary action spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube:Cohesive forces intermolecular forces among the molecules of the liquid.Adhesive forces forces between the liquid molecules and their container.Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved22Sect
17、ion 10.2The Liquid StateWhich force dominates alongside the glass tube cohesive or adhesive forces?cohesive forcesConvex Meniscus Formed by Nonpolar Liquid MercuryCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved23Section 10.2The Liquid StateConcave Meniscus Formed by Polar WaterWhich force dominates a
18、longside the glass tube cohesive or adhesive forces?adhesive forcesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved24Section 10.2The Liquid StateLiquidsViscosity measure of a liquids resistance to flow:Liquids with large intermolecular forces or molecular complexity tend to be highly viscous.Copyright
19、 Cengage Learning.All rights reserved25Section 10.3An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsSolidsAmorphous Solids:Disorder in the structuresGlassCrystalline Solids:Ordered StructuresUnit CellsCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved26Section 10.3An Introduction to Structures and Types
20、 of SolidsThree Cubic Unit Cells and the Corresponding LatticesCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved27Section 10.3An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsBragg EquationUsed to determine the interatomic spacings.n=integer =wavelength of the X raysd=distance between the atoms =angle
21、of incidence and reflectionCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved28Section 10.3An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsBragg EquationCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved29Section 10.3An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsTypes of Crystalline SolidsIonic Solids i
22、ons at the points of the lattice that describes the structure of the solid.Molecular Solids discrete covalently bonded molecules at each of its lattice points.Atomic Solids atoms at the lattice points that describe the structure of the solid.Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved30Section 10
23、.3An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsExamples of Three Types of Crystalline SolidsCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved31Section 10.3An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsClassification of SolidsCopyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved32Section 10.4Structure a
24、nd Bonding in MetalsClosest Packing ModelClosest Packing:Assumes that metal atoms are uniform,hard spheres.Spheres are packed in layers.Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved33Section 10.4Structure and Bonding in MetalsThe Closest Packing Arrangement of Uniform Spheresabab packing the 2nd la
25、yer is like the 1st but it is displaced so that each sphere in the 2nd layer occupies a dimple in the 1st layer.The spheres in the 3rd layer occupy dimples in the 2nd layer so that the spheres in the 3rd layer lie directly over those in the 1st layer.Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved34S
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