专题04 阅读理解D篇(说明文)-2023年高考英语真题题源解密(新高考卷)含答案.pdf
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1、专题 04 阅读理解 D 篇(说明文)(2023新高考卷新高考卷 I 阅读理解阅读理解 D 篇)篇)On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the“wisdom of crowds”effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of
2、independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors arent always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in
3、a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors wont cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,peoples errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy
4、of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more ac
5、curate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the res
6、earchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time,but it wasnt the dominant response.Most frequen
7、tly,the groups reported that they“shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making a
8、re enormous.32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A.The methods of estimation.B.The underlying logic of the effect.C.The causes of peoples errors.D.The design of Galtons experiment.33.Navajas study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _.A.the crowds were relatively smallB
9、.there were occasional underestimatesC.individuals did not communicateD.estimates were not fully independent34.What did the follow-up study focus on?A.The size of the groups.B.The dominant members.C.The discussion process.D.The individual estimates.35.What is the authors attitude toward Navajas stud
10、ies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.专题04 阅读理解D篇(说明文)-2023年高考英语真题题源解密(新高考卷)(2023新高考卷新高考卷 II 阅读理解阅读理解 D 篇)篇)As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If youre lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but its u
11、nusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans,but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hund
12、red park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding(编码)experiences into different categories.For example,one participants experience of“We sat and listened to the waves at th
13、e beach for a while”was assigned the categories“sitting at beach”and“listening to waves.”Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a“nature language”began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitor
14、s.These include encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of water,and following an established trail.Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of
15、walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.“Were trying to generate a language that helps bring the
16、human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,”said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?A.Pocket parks are now popular.B.Wild natur
17、e is hard to find in cities.C.Many cities are overpopulated.D.People enjoy living close to nature.33.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?A.To compare different types of park-goers.B.To explain why the park attracts tourists.C.To analyze the main features of the park.
18、D.To find patterns in the visitors summaries.34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.C.The same nature experience takes different forms.D.The nature language enhances work perfor
19、mance.35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?A.Language study.B.Environmental conservation.C.Public education.D.Intercultural communication.【命题意图】【命题意图】试卷所选阅读语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境。所选阅读素材,考查整体阅读与深度阅读的能力,需要从头到尾理解文章,而不单单从字面搜寻信息。2023 年新课标 I 卷阅读阅读 D 篇篇介绍“群体智慧效应”,(w
20、isdom of crowds)题型分布较为稳定,以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主;涉及到了组织行为学,心理学和社会学的概念,提及到了实验模型,以及群体实验中,人们犯错被高估、低估以及错误足够多回归均值的规律。还分析了实验结果与样本容量以及群体特点之间的关系。2023 年新课标 II 卷阅读阅读 D 篇篇说明文,随着城市化进程的发展,人们与自然接触的机会越来越少。研究发现,城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要,研究人员也正试图创建一种“语言”,帮助人们更好地与自然互动。该语篇旨在引导学生形成爱护自然、热衷环保的生态理念。【考查要点】【考查要点】2023 年新课标 I 卷阅读 D
21、篇题型分布较为稳定,以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主;细节理解题 1 道小题,推理判断题 2 道,主旨大意题 1 道。2023 年新课标 II 卷阅读 D 篇,。主要考查学生细节理解能力和推理判断能力、把握主旨大意能力。细节理解题 1 道小题,推理判断题 3 道。【课标链接】【课标链接】依据新课程标准阅读理解部分试题考查的就是对语篇重要细节信息和关键信息的理解和推断能力。高考阅读四大题型(细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨要义)均有涉及,但 D 篇细节理解题减少,侧重推理判断题。需指出的是虽然 D 篇阅读素材比较难,涉及到了很多长难句和专业词汇,但题目设置还是符合以往的高考命题形式的
22、,这就要求我们要加强英语思维的能力,重视推理判断题,平时要多加训练。此外,2023 年新高考卷也出现了一些高难度的词汇,如 hands-on,far-reaching,short-lived,unidentifiable,volume,interactive,battery-powered,interaction 等。这些是几年的重大突破,这就要求学生在平时的备考中多关注合成词的运用以及熟词生义。【1】(2022新高考卷新高考卷 I 阅读理解阅读理解 D 篇)篇)Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds,from the co
23、mmon“m”and“a”to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others?A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages.More than 30 years ago,the sc
24、holar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as“f”and“v”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that th
25、e upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐),making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构),making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in
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