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1、 学员编号: 年 级:高三 课 时 数:3学员姓名: 辅导科目:英语 学科教师:课程主题:高三语法动词时态语态2授课时间: 学习目标1. 掌握易混时态的区别;2. 灵活运用动词的被动语态。教学内容内容回顾各种动词时态和语态结构回顾知识精讲知识点1:过去进行时和一般过去时辨析批注:以下的辨析均由学生先观察对比,再得出结论;老师可以根据学生情况来适当调控。观察下面句子Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. (信写完了)Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. (信不一定写完)I was
2、 seeing a film yesterday evening. (强调动作)I saw a film yesterday evening. (强调事实)小结:_答案:过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作;一般过去时表示过去发生的一个单纯事实,往往已经完成。知识点2:现在完成时与一般过去时辨析He has lived in Beijing since liberation.新中国成立以来他一直住在北京。 (说明他现在仍在北京)He lived in Beijing before liberation.新中国成立前他住在北京。 (现在是否住在北京不知道)小结:_答案:主要差别是:现在完成
3、时表示的动作与现在有关系,或是对现在有影响,或谈现在以前这一段时间里发生的事;而一般过去时单纯谈过去的事,与现在没有联系,因此凡是有过去时间状语时,只能用一般过去时。注意:have gone to 和have been to 的区别have gone to 表示“到某地去了”,因此人可能还在路上,也可能已经到达,但一定不在说话者这里。have been to 表示“去过某地”,显然是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况。例如:Mary has gone to the library.玛丽去图书馆了。 (现在还没回来)Mary has been to Hong Kong.玛丽去过香港。(现在已经回来)知
4、识点3:一般过去时与过去完成时辨析When I got to the party,many of them had left for home.当我到达晚会的时候,他们中的许多人已经离开回家了。小结:_答案:主要差别是:这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。知识点4:现在完成进行时与现在完成时辨析现在完成进行时与现在完成时均可表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”的动作,有时两者可换用,但前者多用于口语中。I have watered the
5、 flower.我已经给花浇过水了。(已完成,你不必浇了)I have been watering the flowers.我一直在给花浇水。(未完成,一直在浇)I have known her for a long time.(正)我认识她很久了。I have been knowing her for a long time.(误)I havent seen him these days.(正)这些日子我没有见过他。I havent been seeing him these days. (误)小结:_答案:这两种时态的差别主要有两个:1.现在完成时表示动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时表
6、示动作的进行,强调动作的持续性。2.状态动词、知觉动词或情感动词,如see, feel, know, love等,不可用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。知识点5:固定句型回顾1.hardly.when.,no sooner.than.句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in.我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。2.since,in the last/past+一段时间,so far,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。Great changes have taken place in our cou
7、ntry in the last few years.我们国家过去的几年发生了巨大的变化。3.This/That/It is/was the first/second.time+that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们全家人第一次一起到电影院看电影。4.“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。You will have learned about 3,000 words by the
8、end of next month.到下月底你(们)将已学习3000个单词。5.It+be.before.“要过才”或“在以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则before 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before 从句中常用一般现在时。Im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before Brian gets back.很抱歉让你等了这么久,但布莱恩还要过段时间才能回来。6.was/were about to do.when.在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。I was
9、 about to leave when he came in.我正要离开这时他进来了。 例1:In the UK, some people equate life experience with the number of stamps in their passports.(2017江苏南京、盐城二模,22)Thats why they all agree that they _the “travel bug”. A.catchB.caught C.have caughtD.are to catch答案:C解析:句意:在英国,一些人将生活阅历等同于他们护照上的印戳数量。那就是为什么他们都同
10、意说他们对旅游着了迷。本题考查动词的时态。对话情境是关于英国社会目前的一种现象,与过去和将来无关,可排除B、D两项;A项为一般现在时,表达一般性、经常性的行为,而他们对旅游着了迷应为已经发生的行为,应用现在完成时。故选C项。travel bug是较流行的词汇,字面意思是:旅行虫,实际是指对旅行的迷恋。例2:(2017江苏苏锡常镇一模,31)Go for a drink together?Fine. I_ how to spend the rest of the night.A.wonder B.had wondered C.was wondering D.have wondered答案:C解析
11、:句意:一起去喝一杯?好啊,我刚才正在想如何来度过今晚余下的时光呢。本题考查动词的时态。过去进行时可表示说话者在说这句话之前正在做的事情,还可以表示一种礼貌,符合交际用语的特点,故选C项。由于题干中没有明确的时间状语,考生须通过对语境的分析,才能判断出具体的时态。例3:The headmaster in our school hopes that we will be more ambitious when we graduate than when we _ admitted.(2017江苏苏北四市三模,26)A.will get B.get C.got D.have got答案:C解析:句
12、意:我们学校的校长希望我们在毕业的时候比入学的时候更有雄心。本题考查动词的时态。根据语境可知,毕业是在将来,而被录取是在过去,应用一般过去时,故选C项。例4:While overall rates of sudden infant death syndromes (综合征) have decreased in recent years, deaths from sleep suffocation (窒息)_ over the same time period.(2017江苏姜堰、如东、沭阳、前黄中学二模,32) A.doubleB.have been doubling C.have doubl
13、edD.doubled答案:C解析:句意:尽管近几年婴儿猝死综合征总体比例已经下降,但睡眠窒息导致的死亡人数却在同时期增长了一倍。本题考查动词的时态。时间状语over the same time period=over recent years,应用现在完成时,故选C项。例5:As the town_ good restaurants, we just treated the foreign friends to some local food at home yesterday.(2016江苏南通二模,30)A.didnt haveB.doesnt have C.wont haveD.had
14、nt had答案:B解析:句意:由于这个镇没有好的餐馆,因此昨天我们在家招待这些外国朋友,吃了些当地的食物。本题考查动词的时态。镇上没有好的餐馆是现在的情况,是一个客观事实,应用一般现在时,故选B项。 知识点6:动词的被动语态常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done 2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done 3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done 4 过去将来时 should/w
15、ould be done 9 将来完成时 will/shall have been done 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动词 can/must/may be done 注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his clas
16、smates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示: It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that 被动语态的句型 1.常见
17、句式是:主语(受动者)be过去分词(by施动者):He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语get过去分词其它成分:The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者” 3.带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为被动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.被动:I was lent a bike(by her). A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.
18、情态动词be过去分词:This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式:主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 知识点7:主动语态表被动意义语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语
19、态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.在过去的这些年里,莎士比亚的戏剧哈姆雷特至少被拍成了十部不同的电影。In some parts of the world,tea is served with milk and sugar.在世界的一些地方,提供的茶会加牛奶和糖。1.表示状态特征的系动词,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等构成的系表结构。The sou
20、p smells good but tastes terrible.这汤闻起来香但尝起来不好。2.表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut。This kind of material washes easily.这种布料容易洗。3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run等。The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.这家商店每天下午六点关门。几种特殊形式的被动结构:1.“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构He is repor
21、ted to have broken a world record.据报道他打破了一项世界纪录。2.“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构Its said that they have discovered a new star.据说他们发现了一颗新星。3.“get+done”构成的被动结构get married 结婚;get hurt 受伤;get lost 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困例1:He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he_.(2017江苏,27)A.was being foll
22、owedB.was following C.had been followedD.followed答案:A解析:句意:他匆忙往家赶,从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。本题考查动词的时态和语态。根据句意可知,设空处是被动语态,因此排除B项和D项。从题干中的hurried可知语境为过去。C项是过去完成时,表示跟踪这个动作发生在往家赶之前,与语境不符,因此选择A项,表示当时正在被跟踪。例2:More efforts,as reported, _in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform. (2016江苏,22)A.a
23、re made B.will be made C.are being made D.have been made答案:B解析:句意:据报道,为了加速供应结构改革,在今后几年将做出更大的努力。本题考查动词的时态。根据in the years ahead并结合句意可知,动作发生在将来,应用一般将来时态。故选B项。本题并没有结合语态考查时态,这无疑降低了试题的难度。另外本题中有明确的时间状语in the years ahead,这也让学生判断时有了依据。而as reported却是命题者有意设置的一个陷阱。reported在此处是过去分词,表示被动,相当于as is reported。例3:Nowa
24、days, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,_as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津,6)A.regardB.is regardedC.are regardedD.regards答案B解析:句意:现如今,与慢跑和游泳一起,骑自行车运动被视为最好的、全面的运动形式之一。本题考查动词的语态和主谓一致。本句主语是cycling,和regard之间是被动关系,故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,且为被动语态。along with jogging and swimming并不是主语,故选择
25、B项。例4:In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones_yet.(2017北京,29)A.havent inventedB.havent been invented C.hadnt inventedD.hadnt been invented答案D解析:句意:在20世纪50年代的美国,大多数家庭家中只有一部电话,而且无线电话还没有被发明出来。本题考查动词的时态和语态。根据题干可知,“无线电话”和“发明”之间为被动关系,故排除A项和C项。题干中的时间为“In the 1
26、950s”,因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态,故选择D项。例5:Will Uncle Peterson come to my birthday party tomorrow?Pity he_ to Zimbabwe as a volunteer teacher.(2017江苏苏北六市3月联考,22)A.was sent B.has been sent C.had been sent D.would be sent答案B解析:句意:明天Peterson叔叔会来参加我的生日聚会吗?可惜他已经被派到津巴布韦做一名志愿者教师了。本题考查动词的时态。根据对话语境可知,他已被派往津巴布韦,所以明天不能来
27、参加聚会,强调过去的动作对现在的影响,现在完成时符合句意。故选B项。was sent过去曾经被派,只指动作发生在过去,与现在没有关系;had been sent在过去某个时间之前被派,指过去的过去;would be sent过去将会被派,均不符句意。例6:(2017江苏镇江一模,22)When someone_, it will double his or her chances of being helpful again. A.thanks B.is thanked C.was thanked D.thanked答案B解析:句意:当有人被感谢的时候,他或她再次助人的可能性将增加一倍。本题结
28、合动词语态考查动词的时态。根据being helpful可知,一个人在助人为乐后得到感谢会再帮助人,因此是得到感谢,应用被动语态,排除A、D两项。根据主句的一般将来时可知,从句应用一般现在时表将来。知识点2:时态与虚拟语气的搭配考察1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:if+主语+动词的一般过去时(be动词用were)+其他成分+主句主语+should/would/could.+动词原形+其他成分。例1:If it were not for the fact that she _ sing, I would invite her to the party.A.couldnt B.shoul
29、dnt C.cant D.might not答案:C解析:cant 表示客观的事实,而couldnt则侧重于过去的能力,从if it were可以判断出来这句话是虚拟语气,指的是,如果不是她不能唱歌的话,我就请她去聚会了!(也就是说“我”事实上没请她去)。2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:if主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+主句主语+should /would/ could. + have done +其他成分。例2:If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it _ all day.A.raine
30、d B.rains C.has rained D.is raining答案:A解析:从题干前部分句子的谓语动词结构(虚拟语气)可以看出是指过去某个时间已经下了整天的雨。所以应该用一般过去时态。该题解题关键要从题干前部分入手。if非真实条件句用的过去完成时,主句用would have done,我们可以看出这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:if+主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分+主句主语+should/would/could.+动词原形+其他成分。例3:If I _ plan to do anything I wan
31、t to, Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to答案:B解析:句子意思是如果我可以计划自己想做的事,我想去西藏,尽可能游览它的大部分地区。would是将要做某事,是过去将来时的助动词,这里不存在过去将来时。had to是不得不,句子意思没有显示是强迫的意思,虽然从语法上讲的通,但是显然没有could贴切。ought to是应该的意思,明显不符合句意。例题一: 1.Have you known Dr. Jackson for a
32、 long time? Yes, since he_the Chinese Society. A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined 答案:D解析:根据题干,答语since从句是一个省略了主句的时间状语从句,完整的句子应为:I have known Dr Jackson since he joined the Chinese Society.即:从他加入了中国学社至今,应用一般过去时。故选 D项。 2. His sister left home in 1998, and_since. A. had not been heard of B.
33、has not been heard of C. had not heard of D. has not heard of 答案:B解析:分析题干,and分句的时间状语为since省略句,补全为since 1998,表示从1998年到现在为止一直在进行的动作,而且还有可能要继续下去,应用现在完成时。故选B项。 方法总结:通过对题干中所提供的时间状语及其在语境中对动词时态限制的分析来做出正确的判断,主要考查对动词时态基本用法的掌握情况。应试策略: 解答该类题时,应注意:首先,要扎实运用动词时态的基本功,能正确认识不同的时间状语在不同时态中的运用;其次,在解题时,应充分利用题干中所给的时间状语及所
34、提供的语境,并正确区分同一时间状语在多种时态中的用法,最终做出正确选择。 例题二:1. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it_yesterday. A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 答案:D解析:题干中虽有时间状语yesterday,但不决定动词的时态。做题应着眼于as if引导的从句的用法,其从句通常用虚拟语气,再结合前面的remembers可知与现在事实相反,因此用一般过去时。故选D项。 2. The wet weather will continue tomor
35、row when a cold front_to arrive. A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected 答案:A解析:一般来说,当主句为一般将来时时,通常从句中谓语动词要用一般将来时。但本题是用when引导从句,在这种从句中通常要用一般现在时表示将来时且根据语境,应用被动结构。故选A项。 方法总结:解答时应排除时间状语的干扰性及迷惑性,根据上下文语境来正确判断。此类题主要考查对某些时间状语在特定语境中动词时态特殊运用的掌握情况。应试策略:解答该类题时,考生要特别注意不能受题干中所给时间状语的迷惑,应充分利用题
36、干中所暗示的条件,排除干扰,并根据上下文语境做出正确判断。 例题三:1. Mary,_hereeverybody else, stay where you are. A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming 答案:A解析:根据句子的结构,破折号连接的是两个完整的祈使句,所以,应用动词原形。故选A项。 2. Edward, you play so well. But I_you played the piano. A. didnt know B. hadnt known C. dont know D. havent known 答案:A解析:根据题干中的语境,考
37、生仅能通过说话人的意图所指的动作发生的时间来判断该动作。 虽然第一个分句描述现在的事实,但第二句旨在说明以前的情况,故应用一般过去时。故选A项。 方法总结:题干中不直接给出时间状语,句中动词时态的确定必须完全根据上下文的语境来判断此类题主要考查对动词时态在语境中灵活运用的能力。应试策略:解答该题时,考生要注意根据上下文中所给的特定语境条件,如通过分析说话人的意图来推断句中动作所发生的时间等,充分利用题干中所提供的其他动词时态的暗示条件,综合分析,再做出正确判断。 总结回顾掌握主动表被动的用法课后作业1.Im afraid the teacher will blame you for youve
38、 failed to do what you _ to.(2017江苏南通如皋第一次联考,5)A.will expectB.will be expected C.expectedD.were expected答案:D句意:恐怕老师会因为你没能做到所期望的事而责备你。本题结合动词的时态考查语态。根据句意可知,你是被老师期望做某事,应用被动语态;根据have failed可知,你没能做到被期望的事发生在过去,应用一般过去时,故选D项。expect的常用结构是:expect sb. to do sth.,其被动语态为sb. be expected to do sth.。2.A lake projec
39、t, which will be the landmark construction of the city, _ on the land that only one year ago was mostly farmland.(2017江苏南通如皋第一次联考,1)A.is built B.was built C.has been builtD.is being built答案:D句意:一项将成为城市地标建筑的湖泊工程正在仅仅一年前还多半是农田的土地上建造。本题考查动词的时态。根据project后非限制性定语从句的时态(一般将来时)和land后的定语从句的时态(一般过去时)可知,原来的农田上已经
40、在建造湖泊,而且这项工程还未完工,工程正在被建设中,应用现在进行时。3.Wed like a double room, please.Im sorry, but all but one single room with a sea view _.(2017江苏盐城12月阶段性检测,32)A.were reservedB.has been reserved C.have been reservedD.has reserved答案C句意:我们想要一个双人房。对不起,除了一间海景单人房外,其他的房间都已经被预订了。本题结合主谓一致和动词的时态考查动词的语态。第一个but后句子的主语为all,此处指a
41、ll the rooms,主语为复数,谓语应为复数形式,房间是被预订,应用被动语态,排除B、D两项;说话人指到目前为止房间都已经被预订,强调过去的动作对现在的影响,而不是单纯指过去的动作,排除A项,故选C项。4.I hear that youve been shown the new scheme.Oh, yes, but how to carry it out_ at the meeting.(2016江苏泰州一模,30)A.didnt clarify B.hasnt been clarified C.wasnt clarifiedD.hasnt clarified答案C句意:我听说新的计划
42、给你看过了。哦,是的,但是如何执行计划在会上没有讲清楚。本题结合时态考查动词的语态。how to carry it out与clarify之间存在被动关系,排除A、D两项;另外根据语境会议是在过去召开的,没有阐明如何执行也发生在过去,应用一般过去时,故选C项。5.All the passengers, according to the new regulation,_ before boarding the subway.(2016江苏泰州一模,34)A.will inspect B.are to be inspected C.are going to inspect D.are about
43、to be inspected答案:B句意:根据新的规定,所有乘客在上地铁之前都得被检查。本题结合时态考查动词的语态。all the passengers与inspect之间存在被动关系,排除A、C两项。be about to do sth.即将做某事,不符合语境,be to do sth.可以表示命令或规定,符合语境,故选B项。本题在考查被动语态的同时,也考查了考生对不同形式的一般将来时的理解。考生可参考本专题相关内容,区别不同形式的一般将来时的不同含义。6.阅读理解I love seeing Europeans line up in airports to applaud arriving refugees. But humanitarianism (人道主义)will not guide policy for long. We liberals need to argue from Europes self-interest: our continent has the need, the space and the ability to accept people.Many European countries are gradually
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