英语写作的主题句和段落精选PPT.ppt
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1、关于英语写作的主题句和段落第1页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三段落的结构段落的结构o“人之立言,因字而成句,积句而成章,积章而成篇。”o刘勰文心雕龙章句o一篇文章只有漂亮生动的句子还是不够的,我们还必须注意把文意所衔领的句子按照一定的规律组织起来,成为一个或者数个段落,从而使要表达的各层意思都清晰分明。只有这样构成的文章,才会给人浑然一体但又清晰有致的美感。o第2页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三o一、主题句一、主题句o“揭全文之指,或在篇首,或在篇中,或在篇末。在篇首,则后必顾之;在篇末,则前必注之;在篇中,则前注之,后顾之。”这是刘熙载在艺概中讲的话,虽然说的是汉语整篇文章的写作,但同样适用于英
2、文段落。在比较正规的英文写作(formalwriting)中,往往就有这样的“揭全段之旨”的句子,它就是主题句(topicsentence)。简单一点说,主题句就是对全段主题的概括性陈述。段落中其他的句子都是对它的扩展、支持或证明。o主题句起着统摄全段的作用。在写作者一方,下笔可以力顾着眼点,做到内容醒目突出而且不跑题。而在读者一方,则可以通过主题句迅速地明确作者的主题,读起文章来比较快捷。o需要指出的是,英语文章对全文的主旨句和段落主题句的要求是非汉语文章所及的。受两种文化的影响,汉语文章在结构方面往往比英语文章更加随意,作者既可以开门见山立显要旨,也可曲径通幽委婉道来,甚至可以指桑骂槐旁敲
3、侧击。对于主题的揭示很多情况下都采取“春秋笔法”,隐而不说。英语的文章段落则要明白得多,往往需要规矩完整的主旨句和主题句。这一点需要每一个英语作文学习者寄予相当的注意。为加强这方面的意识,我们下面看毛荣贵和DorineS.Houston合编的中国大学生作文评改中的两个例子:第3页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oInthisworld,weshouldthinkmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.Bysodoing,ourworldwillbefullofhappiness.This,ofcourse,ismypersonalview.ButitisalessonIh
4、avedrawnfromoneofmyownexperience.Sonow,Iwouldliketosharethatexperiencewithyou,mydearreader.o这是一名中国大学生的作文ApplauseontheBus中的开头。在本书的中国编者看来,这样的开头自然而且不俗,符合汉语写作的习惯。然而美国编者认为:Thisisessentiallyasolidessay.ThewriterusesananecdotetomakeapointNowwejustneedtogiveitagood,strongtopicsentenceusingthewritersownideas
5、toformit.她给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句:第4页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oAlittlegirltaughtme,andabusfulofpeople,animportantlessonabouttheimportanceofthinkingmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.oOnedayItookaverycrowdedbustoschool第5页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三o在另外一篇作文PartofMyChildhood中,作者开头是这样写的:oInmychildhood,thereweresomanythingsthatwereworthca
6、llingtomind.Somemademehappy,somemademeexcited,andsomemademesad.Butamongthemwasanunforgettablething,whenIthinkofit,mygoodfriendTongTongwilloccurtome.o作为汉语读者来说,首先用抒情的笔法奠定一种氛围,然后引导读者逐渐进入对于往事的回忆,这样的开头是非常自然而且感人的。但是美国编者显然不这样认为:oThisisamovingstoryaboutfriendswhohavequarreled.Itneedsagoodtopicsentencetobrin
7、gthereaderintothefeelingsandmessagethewriterwantstoconvey.o这位美国编者提供了这样的开头:第6页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oOneofthemostunforgettableexperienceofmychildhoodinvolvesmygoodfriendTongTong.IthappenedwhenIwaseightyearsold.o我们从上面两个例子可以看出,尽管有千篇一律的嫌疑,英语的写作追求的审美效果和汉语写作是大相异趣的。学习英文写作,对这样的差异要时刻牢记。第7页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三o主题句的位置主题句的位置
8、o一般说来,主题句既可以是在段落的开始,也可以处于段落的中间或者末尾。o1)主题句在段首o主题句放在句首是英语段落写作中最常见的一种方法。中国大学生作文评改的中国作者毛荣贵说:“笔者曾就美版的ReadersDigest和Time两本期刊的100篇短文做过调查,发现其中仅有两篇其topicsentence较为模糊,而有68篇的topicsentence均被置于文/段首,其余30篇已经将段落的topicsentence升格为小标题。”根据这种情况,我们建议所有的英语作文初学者将段落的主题句放置于段首。下面是几个相应的例子:第8页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oJane and Karen have
9、many things in common.Tobeginwith,bothgirlshavethesamebackground.JanewasbornandraisedintheWest,andsowasKaren.Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekindsofsubjectsinschool.JanelikesFrench,history,andEnglish.Inthesameway,KarenlikesSpanish,historyandEnglish.Furthermore,bothgirlswanttobeteachers.Janeplans
10、tobecomeanelementaryschoolteacher.ButKarenwantstobeahighschoolteacher.Asyoucansee,thetwogirlsarealmostliketwins.第9页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oEven when we are very careful in the things we do each day,the risk ofloss and injury is always with us.Startingthedaywithashower,weriskslippingandfallingthroughtheglassd
11、oor.Ridingtowork,weriskcollision.Whileweareawayfromourhomes,theriskoffireandburglaryisgreater.Goingtoschool,ourchildrenriskbeinginjured.Wealsolossthroughunintentionalactionsofourownthatmightinjureothers.Sucheventsmayoccurregardlessofhowcarefulwemaytrytobe,andtheycancostusalotofmoney.Ratherthantaking
12、thechanceofbeingwipedoutfinancially,wetransfersomeorourriskstoothers,webuyinsurance.第10页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oEating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes.Becauselunchcomesinthemiddleoftheday,itgivesmeawelcomebreakfromstudying.Atschool,lunchmeansthirtyminutesoutofclassandachancetorestafterthemorningswork.Wh
13、ileeating,IcanplanwhatImgoingtodointheafternoon.Andbesidesofferingapleasantbreakintheday,lunchisalwaysagoodmeal.第11页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三o2)主题句在段落中间oTheofficersofmostdoctorstodayareoverloadedwithpeoplewhoareconvincedthatsomethingdreadfulisabouttohappentothem.Atthefirstsignofpaintheyruntoadoctor,failingtore
14、alizethatpainisrarelyanindicationorpoorhealth.We are becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal.Insteadofattackingthemostcommoncausesofpainsuchastension,worry,boredom,frustration,insufficientsleep,overeating,poordiets,smoking,orexcessivedr
15、inking,toomanypeoplereachalmostinstinctivelyforthepainkillers-aspirins,barbiturates,codeine,tranquilizers,sleepingpills,anddozensofotherdesensitizingdrugs.第12页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oCaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.But they are very different i
16、n their ways of life.Mobility-bothphysicalandpsychological-hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.第13页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三3)主题句在段落末尾oAtthebeginningofawritingcourse,manystudentsearnlowgradesbecausetheyareinexperiencedwriters.Theysimpl
17、ydontknowhowtowriteaneffectiveessay,andintheprocessoflearningtodoso,theymakemistakes-andlowgrades.Suchgradesaffectthestudentsconfidenceandmorale,makingwritinganunpleasanttaskassociatedwithanxietyandfailure.Asaresult,studentsarediscouraged;insteadofworkingseriouslyontheirwriting,theyspendtimeworrying
18、abouttheeasiestwaytoearnabettergradeonthenextpaper-usuallybywriting“safe”papersthataresimpleandcorrectbutlackinginthought.Therefore,the assigning of traditional grades in a freshman writing course often works against the purpose of the course-to help students learn to write better.第14页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三
19、oAmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relat
20、ionships and thus have a different way showing respect.第15页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三4)段落没有主题句o英文正规的文章,尤其是informativewriting很少没有主题句的,没有主题句的情况一般出现在记叙文体中。但是也有作者有意隐而不说的情况。oThebrightchildispatient.Hecantolerateuncertaintyandfailure,andwillkeeptryinguntilhegetsananswer.Whenallhisexperimentsfail,hecanevenadmittohimse
21、lfandothersthatforthetimebeingheisnotgoingtogetananswer.Thismayannoyhim,buthecanwait.Veryoften,hedoesnotwanttobetoldhowtodotheproblemorsolvethepuzzlehehasstruggledwith,becausehedoesnotwanttobecheatedoutofthechancetofigureitoutforhimselfinthefuture.Notsothedullchild.Hecannotstanduncertaintyorfailure.
22、Tohim,anunansweredquestionisnotachallengeoranopportunity,butathreat.Ifhecantfindtheanswerquickly,itmustbegiventohim,andquickly;andhemusthaveanswersforeverything.Sucharethechildrenofwhomasecond-gradeteacheroncesaid,“Butmychildrenliketohavequestionsforwhichthereisonlyoneanswer.”Theydid;andbyamysteriou
23、scoincidence,sodidshe.o(Impliedtopicsentence:Toabrightchildapuzzleorunansweredquestionisachallenge,whereastoadullchilditisathreat.)第16页,讲稿共86张,创作于星期三oFirstyoumustwaitforasunnyday.Rememberthattheraysofthesunaremostdirectbetween11A.M.and2P.M.Thisisthetimewhenyouwilltanthequickest.Attherighttimeandonth
24、erightday,pickanopenspotoutdoorsandlayoutalargetowelorbeachmat.Youmaywanttobringalongseveralthings:suntanoil,aportableradio,abookormagazine,sunglasses,apillow.Itisagoodideanottostayinthesuntoolongatfirst.Beginwithahalfhour,andthengraduallyincreasethetimeyouspendinthesun.Certainpartsofyourbodywillbur
25、nmorequicklythanothers.Theseincludethebacksofyourknees,theinsideofyourelbows,yourshoulders,andyournose.Besuretocoverthesespotswithsuntanoilwhenyoufirstgooutside.Coverthemagainwithoilafteryouhavebeenoutsideinthesunforawhile.(Possible implied topic sentence:Taking a sunbath calls for careful planning.
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