英语写作的主题句和段落精选课件.ppt
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1、关于英语写作的主题句和段落第一页,本课件共有86页段落的结构段落的结构o“人之立言,因字而成句,积句而成章,积章而成篇。”o刘勰文心雕龙章句o一篇文章只有漂亮生动的句子还是不够的,我们还必须注意把文意所衔领的句子按照一定的规律组织起来,成为一个或者数个段落,从而使要表达的各层意思都清晰分明。只有这样构成的文章,才会给人浑然一体但又清晰有致的美感。o第二页,本课件共有86页o一、主题句一、主题句o“揭全文之指,或在篇首,或在篇中,或在篇末。在篇首,则后必顾之;在篇末,则前必注之;在篇中,则前注之,后顾之。”这是刘熙载在艺概中讲的话,虽然说的是汉语整篇文章的写作,但同样适用于英文段落。在比较正规的
2、英文写作(formalwriting)中,往往就有这样的“揭全段之旨”的句子,它就是主题句(topicsentence)。简单一点说,主题句就是对全段主题的概括性陈述。段落中其他的句子都是对它的扩展、支持或证明。o主题句起着统摄全段的作用。在写作者一方,下笔可以力顾着眼点,做到内容醒目突出而且不跑题。而在读者一方,则可以通过主题句迅速地明确作者的主题,读起文章来比较快捷。o需要指出的是,英语文章对全文的主旨句和段落主题句的要求是非汉语文章所及的。受两种文化的影响,汉语文章在结构方面往往比英语文章更加随意,作者既可以开门见山立显要旨,也可曲径通幽委婉道来,甚至可以指桑骂槐旁敲侧击。对于主题的揭示
3、很多情况下都采取“春秋笔法”,隐而不说。英语的文章段落则要明白得多,往往需要规矩完整的主旨句和主题句。这一点需要每一个英语作文学习者寄予相当的注意。为加强这方面的意识,我们下面看毛荣贵和DorineS.Houston合编的中国大学生作文评改中的两个例子:第三页,本课件共有86页oInthisworld,weshouldthinkmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.Bysodoing,ourworldwillbefullofhappiness.This,ofcourse,ismypersonalview.ButitisalessonIhavedrawnfromone
4、ofmyownexperience.Sonow,Iwouldliketosharethatexperiencewithyou,mydearreader.o这是一名中国大学生的作文ApplauseontheBus中的开头。在本书的中国编者看来,这样的开头自然而且不俗,符合汉语写作的习惯。然而美国编者认为:Thisisessentiallyasolidessay.ThewriterusesananecdotetomakeapointNowwejustneedtogiveitagood,strongtopicsentenceusingthewritersownideastoformit.她给这个开头
5、段拟了下面的主题句:第四页,本课件共有86页oAlittlegirltaughtme,andabusfulofpeople,animportantlessonabouttheimportanceofthinkingmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.oOnedayItookaverycrowdedbustoschool第五页,本课件共有86页o在另外一篇作文PartofMyChildhood中,作者开头是这样写的:oInmychildhood,thereweresomanythingsthatwereworthcallingtomind.Somemademehap
6、py,somemademeexcited,andsomemademesad.Butamongthemwasanunforgettablething,whenIthinkofit,mygoodfriendTongTongwilloccurtome.o作为汉语读者来说,首先用抒情的笔法奠定一种氛围,然后引导读者逐渐进入对于往事的回忆,这样的开头是非常自然而且感人的。但是美国编者显然不这样认为:oThisisamovingstoryaboutfriendswhohavequarreled.Itneedsagoodtopicsentencetobringthereaderintothefeelings
7、andmessagethewriterwantstoconvey.o这位美国编者提供了这样的开头:第六页,本课件共有86页oOneofthemostunforgettableexperienceofmychildhoodinvolvesmygoodfriendTongTong.IthappenedwhenIwaseightyearsold.o我们从上面两个例子可以看出,尽管有千篇一律的嫌疑,英语的写作追求的审美效果和汉语写作是大相异趣的。学习英文写作,对这样的差异要时刻牢记。第七页,本课件共有86页o主题句的位置主题句的位置o一般说来,主题句既可以是在段落的开始,也可以处于段落的中间或者末尾。
8、o1)主题句在段首o主题句放在句首是英语段落写作中最常见的一种方法。中国大学生作文评改的中国作者毛荣贵说:“笔者曾就美版的ReadersDigest和Time两本期刊的100篇短文做过调查,发现其中仅有两篇其topicsentence较为模糊,而有68篇的topicsentence均被置于文/段首,其余30篇已经将段落的topicsentence升格为小标题。”根据这种情况,我们建议所有的英语作文初学者将段落的主题句放置于段首。下面是几个相应的例子:第八页,本课件共有86页oJane and Karen have many things in common.Tobeginwith,bothgi
9、rlshavethesamebackground.JanewasbornandraisedintheWest,andsowasKaren.Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekindsofsubjectsinschool.JanelikesFrench,history,andEnglish.Inthesameway,KarenlikesSpanish,historyandEnglish.Furthermore,bothgirlswanttobeteachers.Janeplanstobecomeanelementaryschoolteacher.ButKar
10、enwantstobeahighschoolteacher.Asyoucansee,thetwogirlsarealmostliketwins.第九页,本课件共有86页oEven when we are very careful in the things we do each day,the risk ofloss and injury is always with us.Startingthedaywithashower,weriskslippingandfallingthroughtheglassdoor.Ridingtowork,weriskcollision.Whileweareaw
11、ayfromourhomes,theriskoffireandburglaryisgreater.Goingtoschool,ourchildrenriskbeinginjured.Wealsolossthroughunintentionalactionsofourownthatmightinjureothers.Sucheventsmayoccurregardlessofhowcarefulwemaytrytobe,andtheycancostusalotofmoney.Ratherthantakingthechanceofbeingwipedoutfinancially,wetransfe
12、rsomeorourriskstoothers,webuyinsurance.第十页,本课件共有86页oEating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes.Becauselunchcomesinthemiddleoftheday,itgivesmeawelcomebreakfromstudying.Atschool,lunchmeansthirtyminutesoutofclassandachancetorestafterthemorningswork.Whileeating,IcanplanwhatImgoingtodointheafternoon.And
13、besidesofferingapleasantbreakintheday,lunchisalwaysagoodmeal.第十一页,本课件共有86页o2)主题句在段落中间oTheofficersofmostdoctorstodayareoverloadedwithpeoplewhoareconvincedthatsomethingdreadfulisabouttohappentothem.Atthefirstsignofpaintheyruntoadoctor,failingtorealizethatpainisrarelyanindicationorpoorhealth.We are bec
14、oming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal.Insteadofattackingthemostcommoncausesofpainsuchastension,worry,boredom,frustration,insufficientsleep,overeating,poordiets,smoking,orexcessivedrinking,toomanypeoplereachalmostinstinctivelyforthepainki
15、llers-aspirins,barbiturates,codeine,tranquilizers,sleepingpills,anddozensofotherdesensitizingdrugs.第十二页,本课件共有86页oCaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.But they are very different in their ways of life.Mobility-bothphysicalandpsychological-ha
16、smadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.第十三页,本课件共有86页3)主题句在段落末尾oAtthebeginningofawritingcourse,manystudentsearnlowgradesbecausetheyareinexperiencedwriters.Theysimplydontknowhowtowriteaneffectiveessay,andintheprocessoflearningtodos
17、o,theymakemistakes-andlowgrades.Suchgradesaffectthestudentsconfidenceandmorale,makingwritinganunpleasanttaskassociatedwithanxietyandfailure.Asaresult,studentsarediscouraged;insteadofworkingseriouslyontheirwriting,theyspendtimeworryingabouttheeasiestwaytoearnabettergradeonthenextpaper-usuallybywritin
18、g“safe”papersthataresimpleandcorrectbutlackinginthought.Therefore,the assigning of traditional grades in a freshman writing course often works against the purpose of the course-to help students learn to write better.第十四页,本课件共有86页oAmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwitht
19、hem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way showing respect.第十五页,本课件共有86页4)段
20、落没有主题句o英文正规的文章,尤其是informativewriting很少没有主题句的,没有主题句的情况一般出现在记叙文体中。但是也有作者有意隐而不说的情况。oThebrightchildispatient.Hecantolerateuncertaintyandfailure,andwillkeeptryinguntilhegetsananswer.Whenallhisexperimentsfail,hecanevenadmittohimselfandothersthatforthetimebeingheisnotgoingtogetananswer.Thismayannoyhim,buth
21、ecanwait.Veryoften,hedoesnotwanttobetoldhowtodotheproblemorsolvethepuzzlehehasstruggledwith,becausehedoesnotwanttobecheatedoutofthechancetofigureitoutforhimselfinthefuture.Notsothedullchild.Hecannotstanduncertaintyorfailure.Tohim,anunansweredquestionisnotachallengeoranopportunity,butathreat.Ifhecant
22、findtheanswerquickly,itmustbegiventohim,andquickly;andhemusthaveanswersforeverything.Sucharethechildrenofwhomasecond-gradeteacheroncesaid,“Butmychildrenliketohavequestionsforwhichthereisonlyoneanswer.”Theydid;andbyamysteriouscoincidence,sodidshe.o(Impliedtopicsentence:Toabrightchildapuzzleorunanswer
23、edquestionisachallenge,whereastoadullchilditisathreat.)第十六页,本课件共有86页oFirstyoumustwaitforasunnyday.Rememberthattheraysofthesunaremostdirectbetween11A.M.and2P.M.Thisisthetimewhenyouwilltanthequickest.Attherighttimeandontherightday,pickanopenspotoutdoorsandlayoutalargetowelorbeachmat.Youmaywanttobringa
24、longseveralthings:suntanoil,aportableradio,abookormagazine,sunglasses,apillow.Itisagoodideanottostayinthesuntoolongatfirst.Beginwithahalfhour,andthengraduallyincreasethetimeyouspendinthesun.Certainpartsofyourbodywillburnmorequicklythanothers.Theseincludethebacksofyourknees,theinsideofyourelbows,your
25、shoulders,andyournose.Besuretocoverthesespotswithsuntanoilwhenyoufirstgooutside.Coverthemagainwithoilafteryouhavebeenoutsideinthesunforawhile.(Possible implied topic sentence:Taking a sunbath calls for careful planning.)第十七页,本课件共有86页o主题句的写作要注意两个基本要求:第一是要包含主导思想(thecontrollingidea);第二是要做到概括和具体的统一。o在一般
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