英语写作的主题句和段落教学文稿.ppt
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1、英语写作的主题句和段落o一、主题句一、主题句o“揭全文之指,或在篇首,或在篇中,或在篇末。在篇首,则后必顾之;在篇末,则前必注之;在篇中,则前注之,后顾之。”这是刘熙载在艺概中讲的话,虽然说的是汉语整篇文章的写作,但同样适用于英文段落。在比较正规的英文写作(formal writing)中,往往就有这样的“揭全段之旨”的句子,它就是主题句(topic sentence)。简单一点说,主题句就是对全段主题的概括性陈述。段落中其他的句子都是对它的扩展、支持或证明。o主题句起着统摄全段的作用。在写作者一方,下笔可以力顾着眼点,做到内容醒目突出而且不跑题。而在读者一方,则可以通过主题句迅速地明确作者的
2、主题,读起文章来比较快捷。o需要指出的是,英语文章对全文的主旨句和段落主题句的要求是非汉语文章所及的。受两种文化的影响,汉语文章在结构方面往往比英语文章更加随意,作者既可以开门见山立显要旨,也可曲径通幽委婉道来,甚至可以指桑骂槐旁敲侧击。对于主题的揭示很多情况下都采取“春秋笔法”,隐而不说。英语的文章段落则要明白得多,往往需要规矩完整的主旨句和主题句。这一点需要每一个英语作文学习者寄予相当的注意。为加强这方面的意识,我们下面看毛荣贵和Dorine S.Houston合编的中国大学生作文评改中的两个例子:oIn this world,we should think more of other p
3、eople than of ourselves.By so doing,our world will be full of happiness.This,of course,is my personal view.But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience.So now,I would like to share that experience with you,my dear reader.o这是一名中国大学生的作文Applause on the Bus中的开头。在本书的中国编者看来,这样的开头自然而且不俗,符合
4、汉语写作的习惯。然而美国编者认为:This is essentially a solid essay.The writer uses an anecdote to make a point Now we just need to give it a good,strong topic sentence using the writers own ideas to form it.她给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句:oA little girl taught me,and a busful of people,an important lesson about the importance of t
5、hinking more of other people than of ourselves.oOne day I took a very crowded bus to schoolo在另外一篇作文Part of My Childhood中,作者开头是这样写的:oIn my childhood,there were so many things that were worth calling to mind.Some made me happy,some made me excited,and some made me sad.But among them was an unforgettab
6、le thing,when I think of it,my good friend Tong Tong will occur to me.o作为汉语读者来说,首先用抒情的笔法奠定一种氛围,然后引导读者逐渐进入对于往事的回忆,这样的开头是非常自然而且感人的。但是美国编者显然不这样认为:oThis is a moving story about friends who have quarreled.It needs a good topic sentence to bring the reader into the feelings and message the writer wants to
7、 convey.o这位美国编者提供了这样的开头:oOne of the most unforgettable experience of my childhood involves my good friend Tong Tong.It happened when I was eight years old.o我们从上面两个例子可以看出,尽管有千篇一律的嫌疑,英语的写作追求的审美效果和汉语写作是大相异趣的。学习英文写作,对这样的差异要时刻牢记。o主题句的位置主题句的位置o一般说来,主题句既可以是在段落的开始,也可以处于段落的中间或者末尾。o1)主题句在段首o主题句放在句首是英语段落写作中最常见
8、的一种方法。中国大学生作文评改的中国作者毛荣贵说:“笔者曾就美版的Readers Digest和Time两本期刊的100篇短文做过调查,发现其中仅有两篇其topic sentence较为模糊,而有68篇的topic sentence均被置于文/段首,其余30篇已经将段落的topic sentence升格为小标题。”根据这种情况,我们建议所有的英语作文初学者将段落的主题句放置于段首。下面是几个相应的例子:oJane and Karen have many things in common.To begin with,both girls have the same background.Jane
9、 was born and raised in the West,and so was Karen.Next,both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school.Jane likes French,history,and English.In the same way,Karen likes Spanish,history and English.Furthermore,both girls want to be teachers.Jane plans to become an elementary school
10、teacher.But Karen wants to be a high school teacher.As you can see,the two girls are almost like twins.oEven when we are very careful in the things we do each day,the risk of loss and injury is always with us.Starting the day with a shower,we risk slipping and falling through the glass door.Riding t
11、o work,we risk collision.While we are away from our homes,the risk of fire and burglary is greater.Going to school,our children risk being injured.We also loss through unintentional actions of our own that might injure others.Such events may occur regardless of how careful we may try to be,and they
12、can cost us a lot of money.Rather than taking the chance of being wiped out financially,we transfer some or our risks to others,we buy insurance.oEating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes.Because lunch comes in the middle of the day,it gives me a welcome break from studying.At school,lunch means t
13、hirty minutes out of class and a chance to rest after the mornings work.While eating,I can plan what Im going to do in the afternoon.And besides offering a pleasant break in the day,lunch is always a good meal.o2)主题句在段落中间oThe officers of most doctors today are overloaded with people who are convince
14、d that something dreadful is about to happen to them.At the first sign of pain they run to a doctor,failing to realize that pain is rarely an indication or poor health.We are becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal.Instead of attacking
15、the most common causes of pain such as tension,worry,boredom,frustration,insufficient sleep,overeating,poor diets,smoking,or excessive drinking,too many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers-aspirins,barbiturates,codeine,tranquilizers,sleeping pills,and dozens of other desensitizing
16、drugs.oCalifornians and New Englanders are both American.They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws.But they are very different in their ways of life.Mobility-both physical and psychological-has made a great impression on the culture of Californians;lack of mobility is the mark
17、of the customs and morality of New Englanders.3)主题句在段落末尾oAt the beginning of a writing course,many students earn low grades because they are inexperienced writers.They simply dont know how to write an effective essay,and in the process of learning to do so,they make mistakes-and low grades.Such grad
18、es affect the students confidence and morale,making writing an unpleasant task associated with anxiety and failure.As a result,students are discouraged;instead of working seriously on their writing,they spend time worrying about the easiest way to earn a better grade on the next paper-usually by wri
19、ting“safe”papers that are simple and correct but lacking in thought.Therefore,the assigning of traditional grades in a freshman writing course often works against the purpose of the course-to help students learn to write better.oAmericans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so fo
20、rmal with them.Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually.Still,the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for others.It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way s
21、howing respect.4)段落没有主题句o英文正规的文章,尤其是informative writing很少没有主题句的,没有主题句的情况一般出现在记叙文体中。但是也有作者有意隐而不说的情况。oThe bright child is patient.He can tolerate uncertainty and failure,and will keep trying until he gets an answer.When all his experiments fail,he can even admit to himself and others that for the time
22、 being he is not going to get an answer.This may annoy him,but he can wait.Very often,he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with,because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure it out for himself in the future.Not so the dull child.
23、He cannot stand uncertainty or failure.To him,an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity,but a threat.If he cant find the answer quickly,it must be given to him,and quickly;and he must have answers for everything.Such are the children of whom a second-grade teacher once said,“But my
24、 children like to have questions for which there is only one answer.”They did;and by a mysterious coincidence,so did she.o(Implied topic sentence:To a bright child a puzzle or unanswered question is a challenge,whereas to a dull child it is a threat.)oFirst you must wait for a sunny day.Remember tha
25、t the rays of the sun are most direct between 11 A.M.and 2 P.M.This is the time when you will tan the quickest.At the right time and on the right day,pick an open spot outdoors and lay out a large towel or beach mat.You may want to bring along several things:suntan oil,a portable radio,a book or mag
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